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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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subsistence strategies |
the patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans |
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food collectors |
those who gather, fish, or hunt for food |
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food producers |
those who depend on domesticated plants or animals for food |
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economic anthropology |
the part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human issues of human nature that related directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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institutions |
stable and enduring political cultural practices that organize social life |
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production |
the transformation of nature's raw materials into a form suitable for human use |
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distribution |
the allocation of good and services |
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consumption |
the using up of material goods necessary for human survival |
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neoclassical economics |
a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution |
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modes of exchange |
patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange |
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reciprocity |
the exchange of goods and services of equal value; anthropologists distinguish three forms of reciprocity: generalized, in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified; balanced, in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit; and negative, in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing |
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redistribution |
mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to received economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way that every group member is provided for |
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market exchange |
the exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard value (money) and carried on by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism (the market) |
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labor |
the activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; from the point of view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor |
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mode of production |
a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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means of production |
the tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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relations of production |
the social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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ideology |
a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live |
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ecology |
the study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environment |
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ecozone |
the particular mix of plant and animal species occupying any particular region of the earth |
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affluence |
the condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs |
