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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
joints: -aka -definition (2) |
-articulations - 1. link bones into a functional whole: supports body, effective movement & protect organs 2. any point where 2 bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface |
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arthrology |
all that dealing with joint structure |
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kinesiology |
all that dealing with musculoskeletal skeletal movement |
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biomechanics |
varied body movement and mechanics |
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the name of a joint is typically derived from... |
the names of the bones invovled |
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list the 3 joints
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1. bony joint 2. fibrous joint 3. cartilaginous joint 4. synovial joint |
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bony joints: aka, def, example (3) |
- aka synostosis immovable joint formed when the gap btw 2 bones ossifies (forming bone) & they become a single bone Can form from ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints example: 1.Frontal and mandibular bones in infants 2. Cranial sutures in elderly 3.Attachment of first rib to the sternum becomes synopsis with age |
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fibrous joints |
-aka synarthorosis or synarthrodial collagen fibers that bound adjacent bones; there are 3 types: 1. sutures 2. gomphoses 3. syndesmoses |
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sutures |
immobile or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other (they occur nowhere else) There are 3 types of sutures: serrate, lap (squamous) & plane (butt) |
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serrate suture and an examples |
-wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -the coronal, sagittal & lambdoid sutures that border the parietal bones |
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lap sutures and an example |
-occur where 2 bones have overlapping beveled edges, like miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (non serrated) line -the squamous suture between the temporal & parietal bones |
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what is the difference in the fiber lengths of the following: sutures, gomphoses & syndesmoses and the result of that |
in sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short & allow for little or no movement in syndesmoses, the fibers are longer & the attached bones are more movable |
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plane and example |
when 2 bones have straight, non overlapping edges. The 2 bones merely border on each other, like 2 boards glued together ex: between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth |
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gomphoses |
the attachment of a bone to its socket (similar to a nail hammered into wood) ex: the attachment of tooth (although not considered bones) to its socket. Tooth held firmly in place by periodontal ligament (with collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue). Periodontal ligament allows tooth to move or give a little under stress of chewing, which allows us to feel sensations as we chew. |
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syndesmoses |
a fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. The separation btw bone and fiber length give these joints more mobility than a suture or gomphosis has. An esp very movable syndesmoses is between the shafts of the radius & ulna A less movable syndesmoses is the one that binds the distal ends of the tibia & fibula together, side by side |
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cartilaginous joint: aka |
-amphiarthrodial or amphiarthrosis - 2 bones are linked by cartilage. The 2 types are: 1. synchondroses 2. symphyses |
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synchondroses and example (2) |
joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage -ex: 1. temporary joint between the epiphysis & diaphysis of a long bone in a child 2. attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage |
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symphyses and example |
2 bones are joined by fibrocartilage -ex: pubic symphysis; the joint between the bodies of 2 vertebrae, untied by an intervertebral disc |
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synovial joint: aka |
-aka diarthosis or diarthrodial joint it's the most familiar type of joint & the most structurally complex & the most free moving |
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synovial joint general anatomy |
-the facing surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (layer of hyaline cartilage). -the surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (it's rich in albumin & hyaluronic acid), which nourishes the articular cartilage, removes its waste & makes movements at the synovial joints almost friction free. -connective tissue, joint (articular) capsule, encloses the cavity & retains the fluid -it has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner cellular synovial membrane (composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid & is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity) |
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what are the 2 types of fibrocartilage within the synovial joints |
1. Articualar disc: goes all across 2. Meniscus: partial |
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what are the 3 accessory ligaments and describe them |
1. Tendon: attaches muscle to bone 2. Ligament: attaches one bone to another 3. Bursa: fibrous sac with synovial fluid where a tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin 4. Tendon (synovial) sheath: bursae wrapped around tendon (esp in hand and feet) |
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when does rotation occur |
when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes resistance (load) at some other point |
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first class lever and an example |
the fulcrum in the middle (EFR) ex: altano-occipital joint of the neck |
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second class lever and an example |
resistance is in the middle (FRE) ex: raising knee as you sit |
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third class lever and example |
effort applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF) ex: most musculoskeletal levers are this; elbow flexing & forearm |
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range of motion |
degrees thorough which a joint can move |
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what are the 6 classes of synovial joints, what axials they move on and an example |
1. ball & socket: multi-axial: humeroscapula (shoulder) & hip joints 2. condylar: biaxial: metacarpophalanges (knuckles) & wrist 3. hinge: monoaixal: humeroulnar (elbow) & interphalangeal (joint w/in fingers) 4. plane: nonaxial: intercarpel (w/in wrist) & intertarsel (w/in ankle) 5. pivot: monoaxial: radioulnar 6, saddle: monoaxial: trapeziometacarpel & carpometacarpel (joints of the thumb) [thumb movement] |
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zero position |
when one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in this position. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it |
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flexion |
movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane esp common at hinge joints |
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extension |
movement that straightens a joint and generally returns body back to the zero position |
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abduction |
movement of the body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body ex: moving feet apart to stand spread-legged or raising arm to the side of the body |
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adduction |
movement of the body part in the frontal plane back towards the midline of the body |
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hyperadduct |
crossing ex: crossing fingers or crossing ankles in front of each other |
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hyperabduct your arm means to... |
raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head |
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when you reach in front of you to push a door open, your shoulder __________ |
protracts |
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your shoulder __________ when you return it the the resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention |
refreacts |
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rowing a boat requires _______ & ________ of the shoulders |
protraction & refraction |
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drawing a circle involves ____________ |
circumduction |
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if you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humorous spins in a motion called ____________. |
medial (internal) rotation |
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if you make the opposite motion, so the forearm points away from the body, your humerus exhibits _______________. |
lateral (external) rotation |
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anterior |
the front; facing upward |
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posterior |
the back; facing downward |
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supination |
turns the palm to face anterior (facing upward) |
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pronation |
turns the plan to face posterior (facing downward) |
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lateral flexion |
tilting the head or trunk to the left or right of the midline |
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lateral excursion |
side to side movement of the mandible (movement to the left or right of the zero position) |
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medial excursion |
movement back to the median, zero position |
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ulnar flexion |
tilt the hand towards the little finger |
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radial flexion |
tilt it toward the thumb |
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radial abduction |
move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90 degree angle |
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opposition |
move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the other fingers |
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reposition |
return to zero position from opposition |
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dorsiflexion |
movement in which the toes are elevated, as when one applies toe nail polish |
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plantar flexion |
movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes |
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inversion |
foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other |
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eversion |
movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing away from each other |
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what is the other name of the jaw joint what does the joint consist of what are its ligaments |
-temporomandibular joint (TMJ) -the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone - lateral ligament & sphenomandibular ligament |
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what is the other name of the shoulder joint what does the joint consist of what is the cavity of the shoulder called |
-glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint - where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula -glenoid labrum (its a ring of fibrocartilage) |
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what is does the rotator cuff consist of |
the tendons of 4 muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor & subscapularis (they are all fused to the joint except on the inferior side) |
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what are the ligaments of the shoulder joint |
5 principal ligaments: glenohumeral ligament ( 3 of these), coracohumeral ligament & traverse humeral ligament |
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what are the bursar of the shoulder joint |
subdeltoid, subcromial, subcoracoid & subcapular |
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what joints do the elbow consist of |
humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint & proximal radioulnar joint |
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what is the bursa of the elbow |
olecranon bursa |
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what ligaments are involved in the elbow joint
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radial (lateral) collateral ligament, ulnar (medial) collateral ligament & anular ligament |
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-what is the other name of the hip joint -the deeply cut _______________ that receives the head of the femur is enhanced by a circular rim of fibrocartilage called the _____________. |
-coxal joint -acetabulum; acetabular labrum |
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what are the ligaments of the hip bone |
iliofemoral ligament, pubofemural ligament & ischiofemoral ligament, round ligament (aka ligamentum teres) & tranverse acetabular ligament |
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what is the head of the femur's conspicuous pit called |
fovea capitis |
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does the round ligament secure the femoral head |
no because it's slack |
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what is the other name of the knee joint and what type of joint is it |
tibiofemoral joint [it's the largest & most complex diathesis of the body]; it's a hinge joint |
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what are the joints of the knee joint |
tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint (the patella & patellar ligament also articulate with the femur to form this) |
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the jaw joint is the articulation of which 2 bones |
mandible & temporal bone |
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the rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _____________, which explains in part the nature of most shoulder dislocations |
interiorly |
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Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the ______________ joint
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elbow |
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which is the most stable joint |
coxal joint |
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which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis |
knee |
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The ________________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint.
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acetabular labrum |
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What structure in the knee prevents hyperextension?
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the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) |
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the talocrural joint is a meeting of which bones |
tibia, fibula & talus |
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describe the posterior popliteal region of the knee |
it's supported by extracapsular ligaments [supported by 2 collateral ligaments that prevent the knee from rotating when the joint is extended: fibular (lateral) collateral ligament & tibial (medial) collateral ligament) ]& 2 intracapsular ligaments (these ligaments cross each other in the form of an X: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) & posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
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what are the 4 anterior bursae of the knee joint |
superfical infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar and deep infrapatellar |
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infra- |
below, under |
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supra- |
above, over |
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what side is the tibia on |
medial (inside) side |
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what side is the fibula on |
lateral (outside) side |
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what is the other name of the ankle joint |
talocrural joint |
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what are the 4 ligaments of the ankle responsible for and what they bind to |
1. anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments: bind the tibia to the fibula 2. medial (deltoid) ligament: binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side 3. lateral (collateral) ligament: binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side |
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what part of the ankle plantarflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion |
the calcaneal (achilles) tendon |
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explain how the biceps tendon braces the shoulder joint |
The biceps tendon attaches the biceps muscle to the shoulder and helps to stabilize the joint
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what keeps the femur from slipping backward off the tibia |
PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) |
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what keeps the tibia from slipping sideways off the talus? |
medial joint |
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arthritis |
broad term for joint rhematism |
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bursitis |
inflammation of bursa, usually due to overeat of a joint |
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dislocation |
displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues. |
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gout |
a hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane |
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rheumatism
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broad term for any pain in the supportive & locomotory organs of the body (includes bones, ligaments, tendons & muscles) |
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sprain |
torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage |
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strain |
painful over stretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage |
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synovitis |
inflammation of a joint capsule, often as a complication of a sprain |
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tendinitis |
a form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed |
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unlike other joints, a ___________ joint doesn't join 2 bones to each other |
gomphosis |
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what type of doctor treats arthritis |
rhematologist |
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which can you overextend: the wrist or the elbow |
the wrist |
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what type of joint is between L2 & L3 |
symphysis |
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suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. What are the fingers doing? |
adduction of the fingers |
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man raises his chin to shave his neck is what motion |
hyperextention of the neck |
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stand on tiptoes __________________ at the ankle |
plantar flexion |
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your shoulders _______________ when you reach to push a revolving door |
protract |
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monoaxial joint like the elbow is capable of which one of the following movements |
flexion & extension |
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some joints become synostoses by the replacement of ________________. |
fibers with bone |
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"wear & tear" arthritis is ___________________ |
osteoarthritis |
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the pubic bones deal with what type of joints |
symphysis |
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ulna & humerus is an example of what type of lever |
first class lever |
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the elbow is both which 2 type of joints |
hinge and pivot joints |
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the menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the ___________________. |
articular disc |
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what is the joint between parietal bones |
sagittal suture |
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what is the joint between the frontal bone & parietal bones |
coronal suture |
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what is the joint between the parietal bone & the temporal bone |
squamous suture |