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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
PACS consists of: |
Acquisition devices, storage, Image management system, display workstations |
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Matrix |
Rectangular or square table of #’s that represents the pixel intensity to be displayed on the monitor |
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Pixel |
Basic picture element on a display |
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Window level controls: |
Brightness |
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Window width controls: |
Contrast |
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DICOM definition |
Universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images among the modality, viewing stations, & archiving |
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DICOM |
Digital imaging and communications in medicine |
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Primary reading stations |
For radiologists to make a primary diagnosis |
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Review stations |
For referring physicians to view current & previous reports w/images |
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Technologists quality control (QC) |
Station for technologists to review images after acquisition but before sending to radiologist |
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Image management file room stations |
Used to look up exams for physician or to print copies of images for pt to take to an outside dr |
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Relationship between pixels & resolution |
More pixels = higher resolution |
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Client or Server based system |
Images sent directly to archive server, display workstation functions as client of archive server |
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Distributed systems |
Known as distributed or stand alone models, acquisition modalities send images to a designated reading station |
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Web-based systems |
Images & application software held centrally & load to client display, only images held at archive |
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Volume Rendering Technique |
Allows user to assign colors based on tissue intensity, uses a histogram |
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Multiplanar Reconstruction |
One of most commonly used 3D rendering techniques, reconstructs slices in another plane when doing CT (ex: coronal from axial) |
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What is cine & how does it work? |
Stack mode of scrolling through images, means to moves through frame by frame of the series of images, most often cross-sectional imaging |
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Which system architecture would use a central server? |
Web-based system |
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Soft copy reporting |
Using a computer screen without hard copies to make diagnoses |
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Resolution |
Process or capability of distinguishing among individual parts of an image that are adjacent |
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Factors to determine the best type of monitor for each workstation |
Resolution, orientation of monitor, # of monitors used, & size of monitor |
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Teleradiology |
Ability to view the same set of images in multiple locations at one time |
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Stitching |
Used when multiple images need to be put together in one image |
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Shaded Surface Display |
Everything below threshold of pixel intensity is removed & everything above is assigned a color & shown as 3D object |
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Maximum Intensity Projection |
Used to visualize vessels after injection of contrast on CT or MRI |
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Minimum Intensity Projection |
Used to visualize air-filled structures after injection of contrast on CT or MRI |
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Hanging protocols |
Define how a set of images will be displayed in the monitor |
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Flip & rotate |
Used to orient image in correct anatomical hanging position, usually L to R flip & 90 degree clockwise & counterclockwise icon |
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Pan & zoom |
Used primarily by radiologist to increase size of area on image, zoom up as desired then pan icon activated to move around & view different areas of image |
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Most interactive part of PACS |
Display workstation |
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Types of PACS architecture |
Client or server based, distributed systems, web based systems |
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Measurements- distance |
Size of pixel is known so structures can be measured based on this |
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Measurements- angle |
Angle measurement between two structures, common with spine |
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Measurements- region of interest |
Determines pixel intensity of certain area, used to determine if something is solid or fluid |
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Advantages- client or server based |
Any exam in PACS available anywhere, only 1 person can open study to read it, old studies available with new one in archive |
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Advantages- distributed |
Archive server down doesn’t interrupt local reading at workstation, multiple copies in various locations = less likely for PACS data to be lost, less dependent on networks for speed |
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Advantages- web based |
Hardware at client can be anything that will support appropriate web browser, same application can be used onsite & at home in teleradiology situations |
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Disadvantages- client or server based |
Archive goes down = entire system goes down, network dependent, bogged down, archive server handles many requests at once and can become bottlenecked |
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Disadvantages- distributed |
Personnel rely heavily on system to perform correctly, each workstation has a different work list meaning one person on list at a time, have to move to different workstation for additional studies, depend on query & retrieve for nonscheduled exams, 2 radiologists can read same exam at a time & not know |
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Disadvantages- web based |
Limited functionality due to software not locally installed, network is biggest obstacle |
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Categories of workstation |
Primary, review stations, technologist quality control (QC), Image management |
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Workstation functions |
Receives images from archive or various radiology modalities, presents images to be viewed |
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Navigation |
Used to move through images, series, studies, & patients |
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Image management |
Patient demographics, query or retrieve icon, CD burning option, copy & paste, print films |
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Should we ever use R or L annotation? |
No |
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How many monitors did radiologists first think they needed? |
4-6 |
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Is having the correct patient demographic information important? |
Yes |
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First PACS |
Early 1980s, served one single modality |
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3 functional parts of PACS |
Image acquisition, display workstations, archive servers |
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Modalities using digital & PACS far longer than general radiology |
US, CT, MRI, NM |
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Archive servers consist of |
Database server or image manager, short and long term storage, workflow manager |
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Archive server |
Central part of PACS, houses all historic & current data |
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Info generated from order entered into RIS |
Pt name, pt hospital ID #, DOB, ordering physician name, exam ordered, reason for exam, chief complaint |
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System architecture |
Hardware & software infrastructure of computer system |
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PACS |
Picture archiving & communications system |
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RIS |
Radiology information system |
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CRT |
Cathode ray tube |
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LCD |
Liquid crystal display |
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QC |
Quality control |
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CD |
Compact disk |
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ROI |
Region of interest |
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HIPAA |
Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act |
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MPR |
Multiplanar Reconstruction |
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MIP |
Maximum Intensity Projection |
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MinIP |
Minimum Intensity Projection |
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VRT |
Volume Rendering Technique |
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SSD |
Shaded surface display |
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IP |
Image plate |
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In which type of workstation can changes not be made to the patient demographics of an image set? |
Review workstation |
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Which PACS device stores the historic image data to be viewed along with current studies? |
Archive server |
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In which PACS architecture is the archive the central repository for all images? |
Client/server |
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T/F: In a web-based system, images are sent directly from the modality to a display workstation for image interpretation. |
False |
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T/F: Monitor type and configuration are of no concern when implementing a PACS in a radiology department. |
False |
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What workstation function will allow the user the ability to arrange a certain number of images per monitor per modality? |
Hanging protocols |
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T/F: Digital R and L markets should be used to indicate the anatomic side imaged. |
False |
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Which advanced image manipulation function will allow the radiologist to view several different anatomic planes from the original acquired sagittal images? |
Multiplanar reconstruction |
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Which advanced image manipulation function will allow the technologist to join multiple images together as one? |
Stitching |