Chapters 7& 8: The Skeletal System (Axial & Appendicular Skeletons)

An integrated body system consisting of bones, joints, and muscles.

The branch or medicine that deals with the preservation and restoration of the skeletal system, articulations, and associated structures.

The appendage attached at the pelvic (hip) girdle, consisting of he thigh, knee, leg, ankle foot, and toes. Also called the lower extremity.

Small bones usually found in tendons that develop where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress; numbers vary from person to person.

A small located within a suture between certain cranial bones.

The skeleton of the head consisting of the cranial and facial bones.

A vertical partition composed of bone (perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer) and cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides.

The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and lined by mucous membrane.

A vertical partition composed of bone (perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer) and cartilage, covered with a mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into the left and right sides.

The bony, pyramidal-shaped cavity of the skull that holds the eyeball.

Passages or openings; means of communication between two cavities of an organ, or holes in bones for passage of vessels of nerves. Singular is foramen.

An immovable fibrous joint that joins skull bone.

The joint in the skull between the parietal bones and the occipital bone; sometimes contains sutural bones.

A mucus lined air cavity in a skull bone that communicates with the nasal cavity. ______ are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.

A mesenchyme-filled space where bone formation is not yet complete, especially between the cranial bones of an infant's skull.

The 26 vertebrae of an adult and 33 vertebrae of a child; encloses and protects the spinal cord and serves as a point of attachments for the ribs and back muscles. Also called the backbone, spine, or spinal canal.

Bones that make up the vertebral column.

A pad of fibrocartilage located between the bodies of two vertebrae.

The chest region.

The fused bones at the inferior end of the vertebral column.

like the sacrum, is triangular in shape

It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae

The inferior portion of the sternum (breastbone).

The appendage attached at the shoulder girdle, consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. Also called extremity.

A collective term for the eight bones of the wrist.

The eight bones of the wrist.

A collective term for the five bones that make up the palm.

Bones of fingers or toes. Singular is phalanx.

A slightly movable cartilaginous joint between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones.

The terminal part of the small intestine.

A collective term for the seven bones of the ankle.

The seven bones of the ankle.

A collective term for five bones located in the foot between the tarsals and the phalanges.

The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles.

The primary germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system , and the epidermis of the skin and its derivatives.

A flexible rod of mesodermal tissue that lies where the future vertebral column will develop and plays a role in induction.

An embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissue arise.

Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axisof the human body

Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

The appendage attached at the shoulder girdle, consisting of the arm, forearm,wrist, hand, and fingers. Also called extremity.

that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength

Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges

Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width

Carpal, tarsal

Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue

Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories

Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus

Structural features adapted for specific functions

Forms the forehead

Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium

Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium

Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull

Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits

A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes

Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air trapping inhaled particles

Form the bridge of the nose

Form the upper jawbone

commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks

Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate

Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Lower jawbone

The largest, strongest facial bone

The only movable skull bone

Sutures, Paranasal sinuses, Fontanels

are in the neck region

are posterior to the thoracic cavity

support the lower back

consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5)

Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7)

The atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra

The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra

Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)

Articulate with the ribs

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)

Provide for the attachment of the large back muscles

"Breastbone" located in the center of the thoracic wall

Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Twelve pairs of ribsgive structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity

contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage