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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
luminescence
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light without heat
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fluorescence
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light that only appears under exciting radiation
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phosphorescence
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light that continues after exciting radiation stops
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degree of penetration among alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray emission
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alpha, beta, gamma
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alpha decay
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loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons (alpha particle emitted)
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beta decay
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neutron --> proton (beta particle emitted)
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positron emission
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proton --> neutron (positron emitted)
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electron capture
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proton --> neutron (electron consumed)
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gamma (annihilation) emission
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positron hits electron, emitting 2 gamma rays
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decay constant k
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k = 0.693/(t1/2)
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equation for rate of decay A
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A = k*N
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equation for decay time t
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ln(Nt/No) = - k*t
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ratio for number of half-lives n
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Nt/No = (1/2)^n
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mass accelerated carbon 14 spectrometry
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uses smaller samples. measures # of carbon 14 atoms instead of radioactivity
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transmutation
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nonspontaneous fission. Strassman and Hahn split uranium nuclei
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mass defect
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loss of mass during conversion of nucleons into nucleus
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binding energy
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given off in formation of nucleus. has a negative value
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grams from mass number
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amu/Na = grams
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A-bomb
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fission
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H-bomb
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fusion
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trigger for H-bomb
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A-bomb
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trigger for A-bomb
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conventional explosives
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neutron bomb
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H-bomb with last layer (fission) removed. smaller but more lethal than H-bomb.
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Chernobyl
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graphite instead of water as moderator. lost cooling. no containment building.
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Three Miles Island
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US. lost cooling. radioactive leakage.
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Hiroshima
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fission of uranium. critical mass achieved when 2 uranium pieces collided.
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Nagasaki
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fission of polonium. critical mass achieved when compressed.
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dipole moment
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mu. caused by difference in electronegativity. points in negative direction.
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polarity
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polar if net dipole moment not zero
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equation for dipole moment mu
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mu = q*d
q: charge d: displacement |
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equation for formal charge FC
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FC = # valence - # lone electrons - # bonds
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charge of species
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sum of formal charges
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negative formal charge should be on
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most electronegative atom
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elements likely to have incomplete octet
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H, Be, B, Al
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elements likely to have expanded octet
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elements with d orbitals (S, P)
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paramagnetic species
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odd # of valence electrons
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sigma bond
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first bond
electron density around bond axis. s-s overlap p-p head to head overlap s-p head to head overlap |
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pi bond
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second and third bonds
electron density above and below bond axis p-p side to side overlap |
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m+n = 2 (n=0)
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linear
nonpolar 180 |
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m+n = 3 (n=0)
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trigonal planar
nonpolar 120 |
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m+n = 3 (n=1)
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bent
(polar) 120 |
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m+n = 4 (n=0)
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tetrahedral
(nonpolar) 109.5 |
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m+n = 4 (n=1)
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trigonal pyramidal
(polar) 109.5 |
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m+n = 4 (n=2)
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bent
(polar) 109.5 |
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m+n = 5 (n=0)
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trigonal bipyramidal
(nonpolar) 120, 90 |
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m+n = 5 (n=1)
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sawhorse
(polar) 120, 90 |
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m+n = 5 (n=2)
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T-shaped
(polar) 120, 90 |
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m+n = 5 (n=3)
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linear
(polar) 180 |
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m+n = 6 (n=0)
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octahedral
(nonpolar) 90, 180 |
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m+n = 6 (n=1)
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square pyramidal
(polar) 90, 180 |