Chem, Ch 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism, Exam 4

.-BLANK-. is the central substance in carbohydrate metabolism.

Which macronutrient supplies 45-50% of the daily energy needs?

.-BLANK-. are produced from hydrolysis of di- and polysaccharides during carbohydrate digestion.

Blood sugar is a common term for .-BLANK-. .

The normal fasting level of blood glucose is .-BLANK-. mg/100 mL.

.-BLANK-. occurs when the blood sugar level is too low.

.-BLANK-. occurs when the blood sugar level is too high.

When blood glucose levels reach levels where glucose is detected in the urine, the condition is called .-BLANK-. .

Blood glucose levels are regulated by the .-BLANK-. .

Glucose is converted into .-BLANK-. during glycolysis.

For every mole of glucose that is converted to pyruvate, two moles of .-BLANK-. are produced.

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and .-BLANK-. are key enzymes in the regulation of the glycolytic pathway.

Inhibition of the first step of glycolysis by glucose 6-phosphate is an example of .-BLANK-. .

Citrate and .-BLANK-. are inhibitors for phosphofructokinase.

.-BLANK-. , an allosteric enzyme, catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

.-BLANK-. is produced in the mitochondria from pyruvate when oxygen is plentiful.

NAD+ is regenerated by reducing .-BLANK-. to lactate when oxygen is absent.

Under anaerobic conditions, glucose is converted to .-BLANK-. .

Instead of producing lactate, yeast and several other organisms produce .-BLANK-. and alcohol during alcoholic fermentation.

The fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of .-BLANK-. .

The citric acid cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the .-BLANK-. cycle.

The fuel for the citric acid cycle is .-BLANK-. .

Every acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle produces .-BLANK-. CO2 molecules, .-BLANK-. NADH molecules, .-BLANK-. FADH2 molecules, and .-BLANK-. GTP molecules.

When .-BLANK-. levels are high, citrate synthetase, the catalyst in the first step of the citric acid cycle, is activated.

Protons and .-BLANK-. are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water in the electron transport chain.

The electron transport chain occurs in the inner-membrane of the .-BLANK-. .

.-BLANK-. are electron carriers in the electron transport chain that have a similar type of iron group.

Oxidative phosphorylation is coupled with the .-BLANK-. .

Oxidative phosphorylation involves production of ATP and oxidation of .-BLANK-. and FADH2.

2.5 moles of .-BLANK-. are formed for every mole of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain.

How much ATP is formed from 1 mole of FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

Every molecule of acetyl CoA that is catabolized produces .-BLANK-. molecules of ATP.

The .-BLANK-. hypothesis describes the complex mechanism that couples electron transport and ATP synthesis.

How many ATP molecules would be produced from complete oxidation of two glucose molecules in the brain?

Glucose is converted to .-BLANK-. , which is stored in liver and muscle tissue.

.-BLANK-. is the process by which glucose is converted to glycogen.

The energy for glycogenesis is provided by hydrolysis of .-BLANK-. .

.-BLANK-. is the process by which glycogen is converted to glucose.

.-BLANK-. is the process by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials.

Gluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of pyruvate from lactate, certain amino acids and .-BLANK-. .

In the Cori cycle, .-BLANK-. is the molecule transported from the muscle to the liver for conversion to glucose when glycogen stores are depleted.

Epinephrine, glucagon, and .-BLANK-. are three important regulatory hormones in carbohydrate metabolism.

Insulin stimulates the absorption of .-BLANK-. into cells of active tissues.

The hormone .-BLANK-. activates glycogenolysis.

Glycogen breakdown in muscles is stimulated by .-BLANK-. .

A series of reactions in which protons and electrons from the oxidation of foods are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water.

A series of reactions by which glucose is oxidized to pyruvate.

When a process in which elevated blood sugar levels result in the excretion of glucose in the urine.

A series of reactions in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

In the absence of oxygen.

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule by liver cells yields _______ ATP molecules.

Which of the following hormones is involved in glycogenesis?

a.insulin

b.epinephrine

c.adrenocorticotropic hormone

d.more than one choice is correct

Which of the following can be used for gluconeogenesis?

a.lactate

b.amino acids

c.glycerol

d.more than one response is correct

Under anaerobic conditions, the electron transport chain will produce _____ ATP molecules from each NADH molecule.

When one molecule of glucose undergoes glycolysis, what is the net number of ATP molecules immediately formed?

a glycolytic pathway regulatory enzyme that is controlled by feedback inhibition.

Under anaerobic conditions in the human body, glycolysis occurs to produce pyruvate, which is then changed to

Which of the following compounds is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle?

To control the rate or the citric acid cycle, the allosteric enzyme citrate sythentase is

Which will produce more ATP when oxidized by the electron transport chain: 5 FADH2 molecules or 3 NADH molecules?

Which of the following is NOT true about the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

a.The electron transport chain pumps protons across a membrane

b.H+ ions flow through an enzyme that changes ADP to ATP

c.It attempts to couple electron transport and ATP synthesis

d.It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete catabolism of two molecules of FADH2?

Which of the following is NOT true about the Cori cycle?

a.Glycogen in muscle tissue is converted to glucose

b.Glucose from the liver is transported to muscle tissue

c.Glucose is synthesized in the liver from lactate

d.Lactate from the muscle is transported to the liver