Chemical Level

Anything that takes up space and has a mass.

Mass - The amount of matter a substance contains

Weight - The force of gravity acting on a mass.

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

O - Oxygen

C - Carbon

N - Nitrogen

H - Hydrogen

Atoms

The are composed of 3 parts:

Protons - Positively Charged

Electrons - Negatively Charged

Neutrons - No Charge(Neutral)

The nucleus is composed of Protons and Neutrons

The number of protons in the nucleus.

The combined total of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

The amount of electrons will always be the same as the number of protons. This is because atoms are always electrically neutral.

Carbon always has 6 Protons.

Nitrogen always has 7 Protons.

Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore have a different atomic mass.

Ex: In oxygen, most atoms have 8 Neutrons but some have 9 or 10 neutrons. However all have 8 Electrons and 8 Protons.

Most Isotopes are stable which means the nuclear makeup doesn't change over time.

These are unstable isotopes that decay over time and emit radiation. The often change into a different element over time.

Ex: C-14(6 Protons - 8 Neutrons) becomes N-14 (7 Protons - 7 Neutrons)

The atomic mass/weight of an element is the average mass of all its natural occurring isotopes.

An atom that has either lost or gain and electron.

Cations (+) - have lost an electron thus making it positively charged

Anion (-) - have gained an electron thus making it negatively charged.

This is because Electrons are Negatively charged.

A molecule has 2 or more atoms bonded together.

Ex: O2

Two Oxygen atoms bonded together

A substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements.

Ex: H2O

Two Hydrogen atoms bonded with One Oxygen atom.

A chemical bond is when two atoms bond together like glue holding them together.

The atoms become stable with the outer most (Valence) shell is full.

The first shell holds 2 Electrons, the other shells hold 8 Electrons.

This can be achieved in 3 different ways.

1) Gaining an electron

2) Losing an electron

3) Sharing an electron

An Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

Often found in bones/teeth to provide strength.

Sodium Transfers its One(1) Valence electron to Chlorine which has Seven(7) Valence electrons to create SodiumChloride (NaCl)

A covalent bond is where atoms share pairs of Valence electrons.

These are strong bond and get even stronger when there are more bonds made with each other.

Ex: O2, H2, N2

Atoms that bond with more than one other atom.

Ex: Methane is composed of 1 Carbon Atom and 4 Hydrogen Atoms

Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons and the Hydrogen atoms each have 1 Valence Electrons thus bonding to create CH4

This is also true with Water (H20) which is 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom to acheive stability

1) Calcium

2) Phosphorus

3) Potassium

4) Sulfer

5) Sodium

6) Chlorine

7) Magnesium

8) Iron

A weak bond within molecules due to partial charges due to polar covalent bonds involving H. These bonds break and reform easily.

These are important links in Proteins and Nucleic Acids

A chemical reaction occurs which new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken.

Ex: 2x H2 and 1x O2 react to create 2x H2O

Synthesis (Anabolic) - Requires Energy Input

ex: A + B = AB

Decomposition (Catabolic) - Energy is released

ex: AB = A + B

Exchange (Anabolic and Catabolic)

ex: AB + CD = AD + BC

Reversible (Products can revert to the original state)

AB <--> A + B

This is when two or more components are blended together but there is no physical bond happening. This includes Solutes and Solvents.

Example: Sugar and Water

Water is the solvent and the sugar dissolves into it as the Solute. However the do not become bonded.

A liquid that contains undissolved substances in it. The suspended substance will eventually settle out.

Example: Blood cells are suspended in Plasma. Eventually they will separate into their respective groups

Compounds that often do not contain a Carbon atom.

The most important inorganic compound is Water. (H2O)

Acids, Salts, and Bases.

Hydrolysis Reaction

Dehydration Synthesis

Water is added to Sucrose to break the bond and create Glucose and Fructose.

Water is removed from Glucose and Fructose to Make Sucrose + Water

Dissociates into H+ and Anions

They are Proton Donors

Dissocaites into HO- and Cations

They are Proton Acceptors

ex: OH- + H+ = H2O

Dissociate into Cations and Anions, none of which are OH- or H+

Acids: HCl = H+ and Cl-

Base: KOH = K+ OH-

Salts: KCl = K+ Cl-

Acids have a higher H+ Content

Bases have a higher OH- Content

7.35 - 7.45

Organic compounds always contain C and H and usually contain O.

Larger compounds than Inorganics

Ex: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

These are the building blocks of Carbs. They simple sugars containing 3 - 7 carbon atoms.

Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose (In DNA), Ribose (RNA)

It is the main energy source (ATP) for the body.

The most abundant carb is stored in the form of Glycogen

Simple Sugars formed by the combination of 2 Monosaccharides using Dehydration Synthesis.

Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

The combination of tens to hundreds of Monosaccharides using Dehydration Snythesis.

Ex: Glycogen - Stored source of carbs for energy in animals

Starch - Stored source of carbs in plants

Cellulose - Part of the cell walls in plants. Cannot be digested by humans but aids in the movement of food through the intestines

Compounds that are not soluble in water.

Fatty Acids

Tryglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Used to create triglycerides and phospholipids or are catabolized to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine Triphosphate - Main source of energy for the body.

They are used for Protection, Insulation, and Energy storage.

Major lipid component of the cell membrane. Contain a Polar head on each side and nonpolar tails in between.

Cholesterol

Bile salts - Needed for digestion and absorption of lipids

Vitamin D - Helps regulate the calcium levels in the body

Sex Hormones - Stimulate reproductive Functions

Adrenocortical Hormones - Helps regulate Metabolism

3 Carbon Glycerol which is 3 Carbon molecule and 3 FA which vary depending on the TG

4 Rings

H, C, O, N, and some have S.

They help regulate the body's processes, provide protection, assist in body movement, and help transport substances

These are the building blocks of proteins.

NH2-CH2-COOH

A peptide bond is the bonding of two or more amino acids through dehydration synthesis.

Enzymes are used to Catalyst or speed up chemical reactions in the body by aligning the Substrates together. They are extremely effective.

They usually have a suffix of 'ase'

C, H, O, N, and P

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

Creates the genetic code for the body cells and regulates most of the cells activity.

The guide for Protein Snythesis

Adenine to Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine

Adenine to Uracil and Guanine to Cytosine

Hydrogen Bonds

mRNA - Messenger RNA

tRNA - Transfer RNA

rRNA - Ribosomal RNA

Nuclear, Mitochondrial

DNA is self replicated

RNA uses DNA as a blueprint

DNA has a double helix strand(2)

RNA has a single strand