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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the characteristics of carbon atoms?
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- Can make large molecules;
- Can combine with up to four atoms; - Can form chains or rings; - Are classified according to how they're arranged. |
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What are the rules that carbons follow?
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- Form stable bonds with themselves and with most other elements;
- Form branched chains and ring chains; - Form singe- , double- & triple-bonds; - Form cis-trans isomeres; - Other elements can interrupt the chain; - All the rules can occur together. |
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Describe Alkanes.
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- Single bonded Carbons;
- General formula is CnH2+2. - Ending -ene. |
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What are carbons called when they form a ring?
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You add -cyclo-.
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Describe alkane reactions.
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- There are mostly intert reactions;
- No reaction with strong acids, bases & redox agents. |
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Describe alkane halogen substituition.
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- Happens with ultraviolet light so the covalent bonds break, then halogens replace hydrogens.
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Describe alkane nitration.
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- Nitric acid HNO3 replace hydrogens with nitro-groups -NO2, these are nitro-compounds.
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How do you combust alkanes?
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- You add oxygen and get Co2 and H2O.
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How do you count alcohols?
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Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Oct-, Non- & Dec-.
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Describe Alkenes.
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- They're carbons with double-bonds;
- Three sp2 hybridized orbitals and a p-orbital; - Shorter bond length and no free bond rotation; - Functional group; - General formula CnH2n |
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What are the properties of double bonds?
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They're highly reactive because the carbons are closer together.
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Describe the alkene reaction and halogen addition.
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Halogens will break the second bond and add themselves to make an alkane.
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How do you test for a double-bond?
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You add bromine, the red color disappear as bromine is added to the double bond, its added just as halogens are added.
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Describe Alkynes.
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- They have triple bonds;
- They've two Sp hybridized orbitals and 2p orbitals; - Shorter bond lengths and they've no bond rotation; - Bond angle 180 degrees; - Functional group; - General formula CnH2n-2 |
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Describe alcohols.
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- Contain Hydroxyl group -OH;
- They've high boiling point because of hydrogen bonding; - Can be used in synthesis. |
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Describe primary alcohol.
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- General formula ROH
- Bonded to a carbon which is attached to another carbon. |
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Describe secondary alcohol.
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- General formula R2OH
- Bonded to a carbon which is bonded to two carbons. |
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Describe tertiary alcohol.
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- General formula R3OH;
- Bonded to a carbon which is bonded to three other carbons. |
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Name some common alcohols.
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- Methanol CH3OH;
- Ethanol CH3CH2OH; - 2-propanol CH3CH2CH3OH; |
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Describe denatured alcohol.
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This is alcohol that has been poisoned, industrial ethanol eg.
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Describe absolute alcohol.
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100% pure ethanol, used for reactions where water has to be absent.
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