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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychosocial development |
According to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior |
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Initiative-versus-guilt stage |
According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action |
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Self-concept |
A person's identity or self of beliefs about what one is like as an individual |
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Collectivistic orientation |
A philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence |
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Individualistic orientation |
A philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual |
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Race dissonance |
The phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people |
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Identification |
The process in which children attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values |
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Gender identity |
The perception of oneself as male or female |
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Gender schema |
A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender |
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Gender constancy |
The fact that people are permanently males to females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors |
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Functional play |
Play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds |
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Constructive play |
Play i which children manipulate objects to produce or build something |
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Parallel play |
Action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other |
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Onlooker play |
Action in which children simply watch others at play but do not actually participate themselves |
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Associative play |
Play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing |
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Cooperative play |
Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests |
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Authoritarian parents |
Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold and whose word is law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement |
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Permissive parents |
Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children |
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Authoritative parents |
Parents who arm firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way |
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Uninvolved parents |
Parents who show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior |
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Moral development |
The maturation of people's sense of justice, of what is right and wrong, and their behavior in connection with such issues |
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Prosocial behavior |
Helping behavior that benefits others |
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Abstract modeling |
The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles |
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Empathy |
The understanding of what another individual feels |
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Aggression |
Intentional injury or harm to another person |
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Emotional self-regulation |
The capability to adjust one's emotions to a desired state and level of intensity |
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Instrumental aggression |
Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal |
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Relational aggression |
Nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being |
