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208 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Type of tissue degeneration associated with Hypervitaminosis D
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Metastatic Calcification
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Calcium into normal tissue
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Type of tissue degeneration associated with Atherosclerosis or atheroma
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Dystrophic Calcification
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Calcium into abnormal/damaged tissue
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What is associated with Caseous necrosis?
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Tuberculosis
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What is associated with Coagulation necrosis?
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Myocardial Infarction
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What type of gangrene can be found in the heart and is associated with MI?
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Dry Gangrene
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What type of necrosis/degeneration can be found in the pancreas?
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Enzymatic
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Where is liquifactive necrosis found in the body?
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1. CNS
2. Skin |
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Fatty necrosis can happen in which organs of the body? And what is called in each organ?
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1. Liver "Nutmeg Liver"
2. Heart "Tabby Cat Heart" |
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What type of gangrene occurs with liquefactive necrosis in the skin due to infection?
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Wet gangrene
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What type degeneration happens to peripheral nerves?
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Wallerian Degeneration
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What type of necrosis is most common in skeletal muscle?
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Zenker's (Waxy)
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What type of necrosis involves muscle being replaced by hyaline?
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Zenker's (Waxy)
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Nuclear Condensation is called?
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Pyknosis
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Nuclear Fragmentation is called?
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Karyorrhexis
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Nuclear Rupture is called?
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Karyolysis
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Which state of nucleus degeneration has increased basophils?
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Pyknosis
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Which state of nucleus degeneration has decreased basophils?
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Karyorrhexis & Karyolysis
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What is the order of the stages of nucleus degeneration?
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1. Pyknosis
2. Karyorrhexis 3. Karyolysis |
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Which stage of nuclear degeneration involves DNAase & RNAase?
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Karyolysis
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Which stage of nuclear degeneration involves chromatin and cell shrinkage?
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Pyknosis
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Congenital absence of an organ?
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Agenisis
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Small remnants of an organ (usually a lack of development)?
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Aplasia
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Organ smaller than normal and defective?
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Hypoplasia
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Decrease in size (usually of a muscle)?
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Atrophy
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Increase in size (usually a muscle)?
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in number of cells?
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Hyperplasia
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Pregnant Uterus and Goiter are examples of which disturbance of growth?
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Hyperplasia
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Change from 1 cell type to another?
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Metaplasia
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Change is shape, size or function of a cell?
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Dysplasia
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Complete disorganization of a cell?
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Anaplasia
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Where is type 1 collagen found?
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1. Bone
2. Muscles 3. Tendons 4. Ligaments |
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Type 1 collagen makes up what % of skeletons in mammals?
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90%
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Where is type 2 collagen found?
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The IVD (nucleus pulposus)
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Where is type 3 collagen found?
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1. Spleen
2. Lymph Nodes |
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Where is type 4 collagen found?
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Basement membrane
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What collagen type is involved in early wound healing?
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Type 3 (Reticular)
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Which lung disease is also referred to as "Rocky Quarry Disease"?
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Silicosis
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Which lung disease leads to Mesothelioma - which is malignant?
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Asbestosis
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Which lung disease involves inhalation of iron dust?
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Siderosis
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Which lung disease involves inhalation of cotton dust?
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Byssinosis
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What is the black lung disease from miners?
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Anthracosis
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Which lung disease involves inhalation of fungus that is endemic to the Mississippi or Ohio valleys?
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Histoplasmosis (or Histomycosis)
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Which lung disease involves inhalation of fungus that is endemic to the deserts of the Southwest?
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Coccidiomycosis
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Which lung disease is caused by endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard?
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Blastomycosis
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What disease process is associated with "Curshmann's Spirals" or "Charcot Layden Crystals" in the sputum?
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Asthma
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"Salty Baby Syndrome"?
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Which lung disease is also referred to as "San Joaquin Valley Fever" or "Valley Fever"?
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Coccidiomycosis
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Which lung disease is also referred to as "Ohio Valley Fever"?
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Histoplamosis or Histomycosis
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What disease processes are involved in Caplan's Syndrome?
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Anthracosis and RA
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Which lung disease is also referred to as "Brown Lung"?
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Byssinosis
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What organ systems/body processes does Cystic Fibrosis affect?
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1. GI
2. Respiratory linings 3. Exocrine secretions |
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What is affected by Cystic Fibrosis at a cellular level?
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Chloride channels?
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What bacterium are patients with Cystic Fibrosis particularly susceptible to?
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Iron in lungs due to bleeding?
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Hemosiderosis
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"Sweat test" is done for what disease process?
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Honeycomb lung
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Pulmonary fibrosis
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Ghon Complex is associated with?
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TB
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Vasculitis of the lung and kidney?
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Wegner's Granulomatosis
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Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency is associated with?
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Emphysema
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What organs does wegner's granulomatosis affect?
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1. Lungs
2. Kidneys |
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Which renal disease involves decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen?
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Azotemia
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Azotemia leads to an increase of what compound in the blood?
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Nitrogen
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What is most commonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones?
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Hydronephrosis
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What kidney problem causes RBC's and small amounts of protein in the urine?
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Nephritic Syndrome
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What are the 3 symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
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1. Hypertension
2. Edema 3. Proteinuria (Massive) *HEP* |
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What kidney problem has a moth-eaten appearance?
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Polycystic Kidney
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Acute tubular necrosis is associated with what general condition?
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Shock
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Which renal disease is is associated with massive protein in the urine?
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Nephrotic Syndrome
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What is an aka for Acute Glomerulonephritis?
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Nephritic Syndrome
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AKA for a nephroblastoma?
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Wilm's Tumor
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Decreased cortisol is found in what Adrenal Disease?
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Addison's
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Damage to/Problem with what part of the adrenal gland results in Addison's Disease?
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Cortex, Zona Fasciculata
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Excess Aldosterone causes what Disease?
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Conn's
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Damage to/Problem with what part of the adrenal gland results in Conn's Disease?
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Cortex, Zona Glomerulosa
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What is a malignant mixed tumor of the kidney usually found in children?
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Wilm's Tumor (aka nephroblastoma)
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What are the symptoms of Conn's Disease?
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Hypertension and Water Retention
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What disease is associated with
-Low BP -Hyperpigmentation -Fatigue |
Addison's
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Why is there hyperpigmentation in Addison's Disease?
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There is too much Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (from anterior pituitary) increasing Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
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Too much cortisol results in what adrenal disease?
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Cushing's
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What part of the adrenal gland is affected with Cushing's?
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Cortex, Zona Fasciculata
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What tumor of the Adrenal Gland will cause episodic hypertension?
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Pheochromocytoma
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Where is a pheochromocytoma located?
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Adrenal Medulla
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What causes moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesity? What hormone is affected?
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Cushings Disease
Too much cortisol |
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Hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine will cause?
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Goiter
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Is a goiter associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
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Can be associated with either.
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Pheochromocytoma AKA?
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Gray Cell Tumor
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Hashimoto's is an autoimmune cause of what?
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Hypothyroidism
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What are the following symptoms associated with?
-Cold intolerance -Weight gain -Slow heart rate -Loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrows -slow mental faculties |
Myxedema
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Myxedema in a child is called?
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Cretinism
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Myxedema is a problem with which organ?
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Thyroid Gland
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What HPV strand is associated with Cervical Cancer?
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HPV 16
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What can be a result of Cryptorchidism?
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Testicular Cancer
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What is the most common site for endometriosis?
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Ovary
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When the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis
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Epispasias
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What are 2 causes of increased HCG?
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1. Pregnancy
2. Hyatidiform mole |
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What is a tumor of smooth muscle?
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Leiomyoma
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What is associated with
-Anovulation -Obesity -Hirsutism |
Polycystic Ovary Disease
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Most common cause of testicular cancer?
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Seminoma
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When the urethra opens on the ventral side of the penis
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Hypospadias
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Fibroids in the uterus are classified as?
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Leiomyomas
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What bacterium can cause a SOFT painful chancroid?
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Haemophilus Ducreyi (Gram - coccobacillis)
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What veneral disease is similar to Trichimonas, but is bacterial?
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Garnerella Vaginalis
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What is the most common cause of PID/Salpingitis?
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Gonorrhea
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What bacterium causes Gonorrhea?
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Gram - Diplococcus
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What disease produces rectal strictures and is diagnosed with the Frei test?
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Lymphogranuloma Venereum
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What veneral disease produces yellow-green pus in the urine?
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Gonorrhea
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What disease produces purulent vaginal discharge that is green, frothy, fishy and foul?
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Trichimonas
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Which disease produces white pus?
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Chamydia
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What veneral disease has been linked to arthritis, especially DJD in the knee?
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Gonorrhea
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What produces a "coffee bean shaped" organism on microscopy?
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Gonorrhea
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What is a spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter that causes megaesophagus of the upper esophagus?
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Achalasia
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What is metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells, usually caused by GERD?
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Barrett Esophagus
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Occlusion of the hepatic veins leads to what?
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Budd-Chiari
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Budd-Chiari produces what 3 symptoms?
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1. Abdominal pain
2. Hepatomegaly 3. Ascites |
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Non-Tropical Sprue?
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Celiac Disease
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What is the problem in Celiac Disease?
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Lack of Villi, Lack of absorption
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What is the #1 cause of gallstones?
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Cholecystitis
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Gallstones are called?
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Cholelithiasis
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What liver problem can cause encephalopathy?
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Budd-Chiari
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What can cause "skip lesions" or cobblestone appearance in the digestive tract?
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Crohn's
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Where in the GI tract does Crohn's affect?
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Right Side!
1. Small Intestine (Ileum) 2. Cecum 3. Ascending colon |
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What is the cause of Crohn's?
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Autoimmune
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3 aka's for Crohn's?
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1. Regional ileitis
2. Distal ileitis 3. Regional ileitis |
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Where does diverticulitis usually occur?
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Sigmoid and Descending Colon
(Lower Left Quadrant) |
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What is the most common cause of death in children worldwide?
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Enteritis (it causes dehydration from diarrhea)
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What is the most common cause of red blood in the stool?
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Hemorrhoids
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Which is more likely to cause bloody diarrhea, Crohn's or Ulcerative Colitis?
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Congenital Megacolon?
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Hirshprung's
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What disease process leads to dehydration because water is not being absorbed in small intestine?
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Crohn's
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What is missing in Hirshprung's
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No myenteric (parasympathetic motor) plexus
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What is the difference between the myenteric plexus and meissner's plexus?
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Myenteric = parasympathetic motor
Meissner's = detects chemicals (chemo sensitive) |
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Telescoping of intestine onto itself?
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Intussusception
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What can cause intussusception?
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Rotavirus Vaccine
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What GI problem can be stress-related, causing spastic colon, distention, pain and diarrhea?
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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Vomiting blood (hematemisis) due to alcoholism.
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Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
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Mallory-Weiss Syndrome causes lacerations where?
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1. Esophagus
2. Proximal Stomach |
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Outpouching of distal ileum?
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Meckel's Diverticulum
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Polyposis (Polyps in entire GI tract) is known as?
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Peutzjegher's
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What causes esophageal webbing, glossitis, cheilosis and iron deficiency anemia?
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Plummer Vinson Syndrome
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Infant projectile vomiting in a newborn is most commonly caused by?
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Pyloric stenosis
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Anatomically shortened esophagus will cause?
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Sliding Hiatal Hernia
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Fat in the stool?
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Steatosis
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What disease process includes pathological intestinal changes, ulcers and bloody diarrhea?
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Ulcerative Colitis
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What part of the GI tract does Ulcerative colitis affect?
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LEFT SIDE (from colon-> moves distally)
1. Sigmoid Colon 2. Descending Colon |
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Ulcerative Colitis is AKA?
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Toxic Megacolon
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Twisting of an organ around its long axis?
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Volvulus
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Outpouching of the pharynx?
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Zenker's Diverticulum
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Lead Pipe Rigidity can be associated with what GI disorder?
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Ulcerative Colitis
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What hormone is affected in Diabetes Insipidus?
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Decreased ADH
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Problem in what organ can cause Diabetes Insipidus?
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Posterior Pituitary
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Problem in what hormone can cause Diabetes Mellitus?
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Pancreas
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Which cells produce insulin in the pancreas? (+aka)
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Beta Cells of the Pancreas (aka Islets of Langerhans)
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Where is Diabetes Mellitus first noticed in the body?
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Eyes
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What are the 2 most common causes of death in patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
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1. heart disease
2. renal failure |
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What disorder is associated with "Bronze Diabetes"?
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Hemochromatosis
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What mineral builds up in the body with hemochromatosis?
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Iron
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Protein Malnutrition?
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Kwashiorkor
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Calorie Malnutrition?
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Marasmus
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Hepatolenticular Degeneration?
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Wilson's Disease
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Which nervous system disease affects only motor functions (no sensory loss)?
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ALS (Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
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What parts of the spinal cord are affected in ALS?
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Anterior Horn
Corticospinal Tracts |
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What is the main exam finding in ALS?
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LMNL in upper extremities
UMNL in lower extremities |
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What disease causes progressive, severe atrophy of cerebral cortex?
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Alzheimers
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Alzeimers causes a decrease in what neurotransmitter?
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Ach
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What is the #1 cause of dementia?
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Alzheimers
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What occurs in a type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
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Cerebellar Tonsils Herniate (VERMIS)
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What disease is associated with nerofibrillary tangles?
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Alzheimers
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What occurs in a type 2 Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
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Cerebellar Tonsil Herniation with Meningeocele in lumbar spine
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What is the most common brain tumor?
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Astrocytoma
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What is the most common metastasis from lungs?
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Lungs to the Brain
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What is the most common tumor of the CNS?
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Glioma
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What is the most common brain tumor in children found in the cerebellar vermis?
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Medulloblastoma
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What is the slowest growing brain tumor?
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Oligodendroglioma
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Which brain tumor has the best prognosis?
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Astrocytoma
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Which brain tumor has the worst prognosis? Why?
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Glioblastoma Multiform (affects cerebrum)
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What is the most common tumor of the cerebellum?
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Medulloblastoma
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What is the most likely brain tumor to calcify?
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Oligodendroglioma
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Onion bulb tumor?
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Schwannoma
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What cranial nerve is most commonly affected by a schwannoma?
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CN VIII
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Sclerosis in the spinocerebellar tract will cause?
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Friedreich's Ataxia
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What is the most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss?
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Swannoma (Acoustic Neroma)
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Neurofibrillary tangles in spinocerebellar tract are associated with?
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Friedreich's Ataxia
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Freidreich's Ataxia is associated with which chromosome?
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Chromosome 9
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Symptoms of Horner's Disease?
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1. Ptosis
2. Miosis 3. Anhydrosis 4. Enopthalmosis |
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Aka Hansen's Disease?
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Leprosy
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What type of necrosis occurs with Leprosy?
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Liquefactive Necrosis
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What parts of the body are affected with Leprosy?
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1. Skin Damage
2. Destruction of Sensory Nerves |
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Charcots Triad associated with MS?
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1. Scanning Speech
2. Intention Tremor 3. Nystagmus |
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Formation of antibodies that block the Ach receptors at the myoneural junction?
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Myasthenia Gravis
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What part of the spinal cord does MS affect?
|
Corticospinal tracts
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Enlargement of what gland might be been with Myasthenia Gravis?
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Thymus (Thymoma)
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What nervous system disease is associated by exascerbations and remissions?
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MS
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Myathenia Gravis MC affects what gender and age group?
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Females 20-40
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AKA Von Recklinghausen's disease?
|
Neurofibromatosis
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Trouble talking and swollowing may be associated with?
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Myathenia Gravis
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What type of cafe au lait spots are associated with Neurobibromatosis?
|
Coast of California
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Inclusion "Lewy" Bodies are associated with what nervous system disease?
|
Parkinson's (Paralysis Agitans)
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What part (and region) of the brain in affected in Parkinson's?
|
Substantia Nigra in Mesencephalon
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Long term pernicious anemia may cause?
|
PLS (Posterolateral Sclerosis)
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What parts of the spinal cord are affected by PLS?
|
1. Dorsal Columns
2. Corticospinal Tract |
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Poliomyelitis in the anterior horn causes what type of nerve lesions?
|
LMNL
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Synringomyelia will cause loss of what sensations bilaterally?
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Pain and Temperature
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Alcoholic psychosis with dementia?
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff
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Which nervous system disease affects the brainstem (possibly the breathing apparatus) then cranial nerves?
|
Poliomyelitis
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Huntington's Chorea affects what part of the brain?
|
Caudate Nucleus in Basal Ganglia
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What neurotransmitter levels are decreased with Huntington's Chorea?
|
GABA
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What chromosome is affected in huntington's chorea?
|
#4
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What part of the basal ganglia is affected in Wilson's Disease?
|
Lenticular Nucleus
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