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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What day does ovulation occur? |
Day 14 |
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What causes rupture of follicular membrane? |
A surge of LH secretion |
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A surge of LH secretion causes rupture of the follicular membrane, usually within how long after the surge? |
24-36 hours |
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What are the sonographic findings that indicate that ovulation has occurred? |
-Sudden decrease in follicular size - Free fluid in the posterior cup-de-sac |
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What days in the ovarian cycle does the luteal phase occur? |
Days 15-28 |
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Luteal phase: What happens once the ovum is expelled? |
The crater left by expulsion of the ovum becomes filled with a fatty yellowish cell type becoming the corpus luteum. |
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The corpus luteum manufactures and secretes what? |
Manufactures and secretes progesterone (and smaller amounts of estrogen) |
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The corpus luteum manufactures and secretes progesterone for what purpose? |
To maintain the endometrium for implantation |
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Luteal phase: In the absence of hCG, the corpus luteum regresses and atrophies becoming what? |
The corpus albicans. It appears as a small rounded hyperechoic area |
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When does Proliferative day end? |
On ovulation day |
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Sono findings of Proliferative phase |
- hypoechoic area around prominent midline echo (early phase) -tri-layered endo (late phase) - peri-ovulatory endo is referred to as the “three line sign” |
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What days does the secretory phase occur? |
Days 15-28 |
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Secretory phase: Beginning at ovulation, the endo prepares for the possible implantation of a fertilized ovum. Under the influence of what hormone does the endo thicken? |
Progesterone. |
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Secretory phase: Under the influence of progesterone the endometrium becomes what? |
Grossly edematous and spongy teaching it’s total maximum thickness |
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Secretory phase: In the absence of what things does the cycle start all over again |
-Absence of fertilization, implantation, & hCG production |
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Secretory phase: -in the absence of fertilization, implantation, hCG what happens to the endometrial glands? |
Endometrial glands fragment and undergo autolysis starting the cycle again |
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Sono findings of secretory phase |
-hyperechoic endo w/obscured midline echo often with posterior acoustic enhancement -max AP diameter up to 14-16mm |
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Excessive volume during cyclic menstrual bleeding |
Hypermenorrhea (menorrhagia) |
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An abnormally small amount of menstrual bleeding |
Hypomenorrhea |
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What are the sonographic findings of the luteal phase? |
-replacement of dominant cystic follicle w/an echogenic structure representing thrombus -small irregular cystic mass w/irregular thick borders & low-level echoes -Doppler findings of hypervascular corpus luteum with low resistance flow |
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Frequent menstrual bleeding occurring less than 21 days apart |
Polymenorrhea |
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Menstrual bleeding occurring more than 35 days apart |
Oligomenorrhea |
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Irregular, frequent bleeding |
Metrorrhagia |
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Bleeding that is irregular in both frequency and volume |
Menometrorrhagia |
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Bleeding that occurs between normal cycles |
Intermenstrual bleeding |
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Intermenstrual bleeding in OCP or HRT |
Breakthrough bleeding |
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Bleeding after vaginal intercourse |
Postcoital bleeding |
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Painful bleeding |
Dysmenorrhea |
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Absence of menstrual flow |
Amenorrhea |
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What are the 2 types of amenorrhea |
-Primary: pt never had a period -Secondary: pt had periods but they are stopped |
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What are the three uterine phases? |
-Menstrual phase -Proliferative -Secretory |
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Bleeding occurring 1 year after menopause or at unanticipated times in HRT |
Post-meno bleeding |
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Abnormal bleeding from an essentially normal UT. Causes may be functional or organic and may include endocrine disorders and many others |
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) |
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Menstruation is a catabolic process in which what happens? |
The endo sheds if implantation of a fertilized ovum has not occurred |
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What are the days of the menstrual phase? |
1-5 |
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During the final 2-3 days of secretory phase, the endometrial intracellular edema is reabsorbed and what happens?? |
Desquamation and sloughing of the superficial layer of endo tissue and blood cells occurs and is expelled as menses |
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Menstrual phase: Menstrual bleeding patterns vary but typically begin within how many hours? Followed by what? |
Begins with 12-24 hours of heavy flow followed by 4-7 days of scanty flow |
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What are the sono findings of the menstrual days? |
-thick echo endo prior to start of menses -complex appearance at beginning of menses -thin, slightly irregular endo after shedding of tissue -max AP diameter (post menses) 2mm |
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What days does the proliferative phase occur on? |
Days 6-14 |
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Proliferative phase: Regeneration & proliferation of the endo is stimulated by what? |
By estrogen secreted by the developing follicles |
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|
Luteal phase: In the absence of hCG, the corpus luteum regresses and atrophies becoming what? |
The corpus albicans. It appears as a small rounded hyperechoic area |
|
|
When does Proliferative day end? |
On ovulation day |
|
|
Sono findings of Proliferative phase |
- hypoechoic area around prominent midline echo (early phase) -tri-layered endo (late phase) - peri-ovulatory endo is referred to as the “three line sign” |
|
|
What days does the secretory phase occur? |
Days 15-28 |
|
|
Secretory phase: Beginning at ovulation, the endo prepares for the possible implantation of a fertilized ovum. Under the influence of what hormone does the endo thicken? |
Progesterone. |
|
|
Secretory phase: Under the influence of progesterone the endometrium becomes what? |
Grossly edematous and spongy teaching it’s total maximum thickness |
|
|
Secretory phase: In the absence of what things does the cycle start all over again |
-Absence of fertilization, implantation, & hCG production |
|
|
Secretory phase: -in the absence of fertilization, implantation, hCG what happens to the endometrial glands? |
Endometrial glands fragment and undergo autolysis starting the cycle again |
|
|
Sono findings of secretory phase |
-hyperechoic endo w/obscured midline echo often with posterior acoustic enhancement -max AP diameter up to 14-16mm |
|
|
Excessive volume during cyclic menstrual bleeding |
Hypermenorrhea (menorrhagia) |
|
|
An abnormally small amount of menstrual bleeding |
Hypomenorrhea |
|
|
What are the sonographic findings of the luteal phase? |
-replacement of dominant cystic follicle w/an echogenic structure representing thrombus -small irregular cystic mass w/irregular thick borders & low-level echoes -Doppler findings of hypervascular corpus luteum with low resistance flow |
|
|
Frequent menstrual bleeding occurring less than 21 days apart |
Polymenorrhea |
|
|
Menstrual bleeding occurring more than 35 days apart |
Oligomenorrhea |
|
|
Irregular, frequent bleeding |
Metrorrhagia |
|
|
Bleeding that is irregular in both frequency and volume |
Menometrorrhagia |
|
|
Bleeding that occurs between normal cycles |
Intermenstrual bleeding |
|
|
Intermenstrual bleeding in OCP or HRT |
Breakthrough bleeding |
|
|
Bleeding after vaginal intercourse |
Postcoital bleeding |
|
|
Painful bleeding |
Dysmenorrhea |
|
|
Absence of menstrual flow |
Amenorrhea |
|
|
What are the 2 types of amenorrhea |
-Primary: pt never had a period -Secondary: pt had periods but they are stopped |
|
|
What are the three uterine phases? |
-Menstrual phase -Proliferative -Secretory |
|
|
Bleeding occurring 1 year after menopause or at unanticipated times in HRT |
Post-meno bleeding |
|
|
Abnormal bleeding from an essentially normal UT. Causes may be functional or organic and may include endocrine disorders and many others |
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) |
|
|
Menstruation is a catabolic process in which what happens? |
The endo sheds if implantation of a fertilized ovum has not occurred |
|
|
What are the days of the menstrual phase? |
1-5 |
|
|
During the final 2-3 days of secretory phase, the endometrial intracellular edema is reabsorbed and what happens?? |
Desquamation and sloughing of the superficial layer of endo tissue and blood cells occurs and is expelled as menses |
|
|
Menstrual phase: Menstrual bleeding patterns vary but typically begin within how many hours? Followed by what? |
Begins with 12-24 hours of heavy flow followed by 4-7 days of scanty flow |
|
|
What are the sono findings of the menstrual days? |
-thick echo endo prior to start of menses -complex appearance at beginning of menses -thin, slightly irregular endo after shedding of tissue -max AP diameter (post menses) 2mm |
|
|
What days does the proliferative phase occur on? |
Days 6-14 |
|
|
Proliferative phase: Regeneration & proliferation of the endo is stimulated by what? |
By estrogen secreted by the developing follicles |
