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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is criminology? |
Criminology is an academic discipline that studies the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior |
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What is classical criminology? |
The theoretical perspective that suggests people choose to commit crime and have free will |
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What is positivism? |
The branch of social science that suggests human behavior is a product of social, psychological, biological, or economic forces which can be empirically measured |
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What is the difference between crime and deviance? |
Deviance is a violation of social norms whereas crime is a violation of laws of the land |
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What is rational choice theory? |
The idea that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the costs and benefits are weighted |
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What is trait theory? |
The idea that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits |
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What is social structure theory? |
The idea that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime |
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What is social process theory? |
The idea that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society |
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What is social conflict theory? |
The idea that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest |
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What is the consensus view of crime? |
The idea that the majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behavior should be defined as criminal |
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What is the conflict view of crime? |
The idea that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest |
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What is the interactionist view of crime? |
The idea that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior |
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What are the two primary methods of collecting crime data? |
Surveys and official records |
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Strengths and weaknesses of UCR? |
Strengths: Offender data Weaknesses: Doesn't cover crimes that police don't discover |
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Strengths and weaknesses of NCVS? |
Strengths: Very detailed and more accurate measure of crime Weaknesses: Household survey and doesn't include victimless crime |
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According to FBI UCR, what percent of violent crimes are cleared by arrest each year |
50% |
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According to FBI UCR, what percent of property crimes are cleared by arrest each year? |
20% |
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Which theory supports the idea that IQ is affected by environmental factors? |
Nurture theory |
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How does the war on drugs effect crime trends? |
Crime trends decrease |
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What is the correlation between mental illness and crime? |
Small |
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Crime trends for violent crimes and thefts? |
Declined |
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Crime rates since 1991? |
Declined |
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Crime trends in victimization? |
Declined |
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What is the cost to society of an average murder? |
$9 million |
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In what season do most crimes occur? |
Summer |
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What is victim precipitation theory? |
The view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization |
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What are lifestyle theories? |
Views on how people become crime victims because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal offenders? |
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What is deviant place theory? |
The view that victimization iscprimarily a function of where people live |
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What is routine activities theory? |
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: Availability of suitable targets, absence of capable targets, presence of motivated offenders |
3 factors? |
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What is offense specific crime? |
Offenders react selectively to the characteristics of a criminal act |
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What is offender specific crime? |
Offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit the criminal act |
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What is defensible space? |
The principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime |
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What is contemporary trait theory? |
The suggestion that each offender is physically and mentally unique |
Unique in two ways |
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What model assumes a direct link between traits and crime? Individual vulnerability model or Differential susceptibility model? |
Individual vulnerability model |
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What model assumes an indirect association between traits and crime? Individual vulnerability model or Differential susceptibility model? |
Differential susceptibility model |
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What is cognitive theory? |
A focus on perception and environmental influences |
What is the focus on? |
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What is behavioral theory? |
A focus on media and violence; effects of child abuse |
What is the focus on? |
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What does psychodynamic theory suggest? |
Unconcious motivations developed early in childhood propel some people into destructive or illegal behavior |
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Primary prevention programs? Before or after? |
Before |
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Secondary prevention programs? Before or after? |
After |
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What two traits are associated with rational choice theory? |
Personal and opportunistic |
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What is truth in sentencing? |
Serving an entire term without parole |
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What traits are biological? |
Upbringing, environmental, genetics |
3 of them |
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What did Cesare Lombroso state? |
Physical differences relate to crime |
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What are two additional part 1 crimes? |
Involuntary servitude and human trafficking |
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By age 23, what percent of blacks are arrested? |
Almost 50% |
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