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Timgad, now Algeria- AD 100, Province of Mauretania
Founded by L. Minucius Gallus
Orthogonal planning
Veterans' colony for retired soldiers
Why here? Provides protection from invasions, only pass over mountains, establishes Roman presence, trade access (diamonds and gold)

Hadrian's Wall, England- AD 122, province of Britannia
72.5 miles long
A ditch and wall with 80 fortlets- one every mile-~20 troops each
Width and height change over length
Customs barrier
Demarcation of empire
Tombstone of Regina, Arbeia Fort, Newcastle, UL- 2nd C AD
Catuvellauni- Kelt
Dressed like a Palmyrene
Mummy portrait of Euytches, now NY- 2nd C AD
Greek name
Roman clothing
Egyptian mummy
Influence on provinces

Trajan as Pharaoh, Dendera, Egypt- 2nd C AD
Images are governed by conventions as much as by "reality"

Metope of Trajan, from the Tropaeum, Dacia- 2nd C AD
Sculptors not as talented?
Choices- not good vs. bad art
Could be the stone type

Old Forum, Lepcis Magna- 1st C BC- 1st C AD
Under Augustus
Three temples on NW side:
North Temple
Temple of Rome & Augustus
Temple of Liber Pater (earliest of the 3 temples)
Basilica added in 1st c. AD
Forum paved and porticoed around AD 53-54

Commissioned by locals with Punic names and inscriptions in Latin and Neo-Punic

Theater, Lepcis Magna- AD 1-2
Commissioned by locals with Punic names and inscriptions in Latin and Neo-Punic
Hadrianic baths, Lepcis Magna- AD 127

Arch of Septimus Severus, Lepcis Magna- AD 203
4-sided arch, broken pediment- baroque.
Septimius Severus was born in Lepcis Magna
Reliefs seem to celebrate a visit to the city
Sacrifice relief, arrival relief
Use of the drill
Emperor front and center

Library of Celsus, Ephesos- 2nd C AD
Built to honor Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemanus by his son
Aediculated facade- baroque
Statues celebrate

Aureus (gold coin) of Septimius Severus, Rome- AD 201
Felicitas saeculi
Obverse: Septimius Severus
Reverse: Caracalla, Julia Domna, Geta
Showing family

Tondo portrait of the imperial family, Fayuum, Egypt, now Berlin- 200 AD
Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta
Damnatio memoriae- Geta's been erased

Forma Urbis Romae, aka Severan Marble Plan, Rome- AD 203-211
Fragments of a map showing the ground plan of every building and monument in Rome
Could be a tax map

Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome- AD 203
Parthian wars, captives and Roman soldiers on pedestals
Pedestals- all barbarians looks the same, read bottom to top, largely destroyed, multiple ground lines, multiple vantage points and ground lines, conflation of time and space

Forum of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna- AD 216
3 parts: temple, forum, basilica
Adaptation of axial teleological symmetry- irregular site
Built in yellow limestone, faced with marble
Portrait of Caracalla, NY- AD 206-211
Short hair and beard
soldier emperor
Fierce intensity- not looking at you

Baths of Caracalla, Rome- 216-235
Could hold 1600 bathers at a time
Double circuit system
Complex given over to leisure

Aurelian Walls, Rome- AD 271-275
The Germanic Tribes
Protected Rome until 1870

Triumph of Shapur 1 over Valerian, Iran- After AD 260

The Tetrarchs, now Venice- AD 305
porphyry
4 Emperors- trying to solve problem with succession
Distinct shift in image of emperor- fixed symbol of authority and power

Baths of Diocletian, Rome- AD 305-306
Could hold 3000 people at once
Church in the ruins
Groin vaulted ceilings
Central bath pulled away from walls- increase in size

Diocletian's Palace, Split- AD 298-306
Axial teleological symmetry
Port on one side of walls
4 quadrants
Based on castrum plan- fortified palace

Imperial insignia of Maxentius??, Rome- AD 312
Found buried on the palatine hill

Basilica Nova, Rome- AD 306-312
Started by Maxentius, finished by Constantine
3 barrel vaults that meet in center with a groin vault
One of biggest basilicas built by Romans

Arch of Constantine, Rome- AD 315
Built by senate
Reused blocks
Friezes- small people deliberately not pleasing looking- it is about the emperor
Friezes have 6 segments
Military conquests, hunting and nature, sacrifices, acts emperor did for

Forum of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, AD 216

Forum of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, AD 216

Forum of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, AD 216

Forum of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, AD 216

Togate bust of Philip the Arab, Rome. AD 244-249

Togate bust of Philip the Arab, Rome. AD 244-249

Aurelian Walls, Rome. AD 271-275

Forma Urbis Romae, aka Severan Marble Plan. Rome. AD 203-211

Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome, AD 203

Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, AD 203

Baths of Caracalla, Rome, begun AD 216, completed ca. AD 235

Baths of Caracalla, Rome, begun AD 216, completed ca. AD 235

Baths of Diocletian, Rome, AD 305-306.

Baths of Diocletian, Rome, AD 305-306.

Imperial insignia of Maxentius??, Rome, AD 312?

Imperial insignia of Maxentius??, Rome, AD 312?

Imperial insignia of Maxentius??, Rome, AD 312?

Arch of Constantine, Rome. AD 315

Arch of Constantine, Rome. AD 315

Arch of Constantine, Rome. AD 315

Arch of Constantine, Rome. AD 315

Arch of Constantine, Rome. AD 315

Diocletian’s Palace, Split (Croatia), AD 298-306.

Diocletian’s Palace, Split (Croatia), AD 298-306.

Diocletian’s Palace, Split (Croatia), AD 298-306.


Vestibule: Syrian Arch

Aula Palatina, Trier (Germany). Early fourth century AD

Aula Palatina, Trier (Germany). Early fourth century AD

Basilica Nova, Rome, AD 306-312

Basilica Nova, Rome, AD 306-312

Basilica Nova, Rome, AD 306-312

Artificial Harbor, Portus, Trajan, 106-113 AD

Artificial Harbor, Portus, Trajan, 106-113 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Piazzale of the Corporations, Ostia, 190 AD

Horrea Epagathiana, Ostia, 145-150 AD

Horrea Epagathiana, Ostia, 145-150 AD

Horrea Epagathiana, Ostia, 145-150 AD

Insula of Diana, Ostia, 2nd c AD

Insula of Diana, Ostia, 2nd c AD

Insula of Diana, Ostia, 2nd c AD

House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia, 2-4 c AD

House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia, 2-4 c AD

House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia, 2-4 c AD

House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia, 2-4 c AD

House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia, 2-4 c AD

Baths of Neptune, Ostia, 139 AD

Baths of Neptune, Ostia, 139 AD

Baths of Neptune, Ostia, 139 AD

Baths of Neptune, Ostia, 139 AD

Mithraeum of the Seven Gates, Ostia, 160-170 AD

Mithraeum of the Seven Gates, Ostia, 160-170 AD

Mithraeum of the Seven Gates, Ostia, 160-170 AD

Synagogue, Ostia, Mid-1 c AD

Synagogue, Ostia, Mid-1 c AD

Synagogue, Ostia, Mid-1 c AD

The Necropolis of Isola Sacra, late 1st to 3rd centuries AD

The Necropolis of Isola Sacra, late 1st to 3rd centuries AD

Tomb 100 – Tomb of Scribonia Attice, AD 140


Chamber Tomb

Tomb 100 – Tomb of Scribonia Attice, AD 140


Chamber Tomb

Tomb 29 –Tomb of Verria Zosime, mid 2nd cent. AD


Enclosure and Chamber tomb

Tomb 29 –Tomb of Verria Zosime, mid 2nd cent. AD


Enclosure and Chamber tomb

Tomb 29 –Tomb of Verria Zosime, mid 2nd cent. AD


Enclosure and Chamber tomb

Tomb 29 –Tomb of Verria Zosime, mid 2nd cent. AD


Enclosure and Chamber tomb

Sarcophagus of Claudia Arria, Ostia, now New York, 200-225 AD

Sarcophagus of Maconiana Severiana, Rome, now Malibu, 210-220 AD

The Catacombs, Rome, 1st to 5th centuries AD

The Catacombs, Rome, 1st to 5th centuries AD

Catacombs of Domitilla, 2nd-4th c. AD, Rome

Catacombs of Domitilla, 2nd-4th c. AD, Rome