Classification And Evolution

Investigation of relationships between extinct/living animals

1) Simple organisms found in the oldest rocks - supports theory simple life evolves into complex life over time.

2) Sequence found matches ecological links

The study of similarities/differences in anatomy of living beings

Homologous structures = Structure that appears superficially different but has the same underlying structures - pentadactyl limbs in veterbrates

Evidence for divergent evolution - common ancestor/different species evolved

Study of similarities and differences in molecules controlling life processes

Molecular sequence of particular molecule compared

= number of differences plotted against the rate at which organism undergoes neutral base pair substitutions

- commonly rRNA and cytochrome

- Prokaryote

- Protocista

- Fungi

- Plantae

- Anamalia

- Unicellular

- No nucleus/naked DNA

- (mainly) unicellular

- nucleus/membrane-bound organelles

- chloroplasts (autotrophic)

- uni/multicellular

- cell wall = chitin

- no locomotion

- saprophytic feeders

- food stored as glycogen

- multicellular

- cellulose cell wall

- autotrophic

- contain chlorophyll

- multicellular

- move with the aid of muscular organs

- heterotrophic

- stores food as glycogen

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

Heirarchal nature of the Linnean classification system as it implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent.

Phylogeny = produces a continues tree (organisms don't need to go were they don't fit)

3 domains, 6 kingdoms

1) Bacteria = 70s ribosomes

2) Eukarya = 80s ribsomes

3) Archea = 70s ribosomes

- Identify species

- Predict charecteristics

- Evolutionary links

= systems aren't devised by nature

Taxonomic groups

= Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus + species

Common names differ in different countries

Therefore scientific names are used = first word is genus: 2nd word is species

Written as italics or underlined

- producing poison

- bacteria produces antibodies that kill other bacteria

- water holding

- can survive in deserts

- body covering (spikes/fur)

- camouflage = reduces risk of predators seeing it

- teeth (diet related) = carnivores have large, sharp canines

- mimicry = imitates another characteristics like appearing poisonous

- Characteristic that can only result in certain values

- Bar/Pie chart e.g. blood type

Charecteristic which vantage any value in a range

- Frequency table (height/mass)

A measure of how spread out data is

= Greater SD = Greater spread

1) Mean, mode and medium are the same

2) Curve has a bell shape

3) Most values lie close to me

4) 50% either side of mean

1) Alleles

2) Mutations - changes to DNA sequence + therefore genes lead to changes in proteins

3) Meiosis - genetic material from each parent mixed via crossing over/independent assortment

4) Sexual reproduction - offspring inherit alleles from each parent

5) Chance = random fertilisation

- Plants grow larger in sun vs shade

- Pink flowers in alkali soil vs blue flowers in acidic soil

- Scars

Skin colour = born with melanin (exposure to sun encourages production)

1) Organism shows variation (mutation)

2) Advantageous mutation allows organism to survive of reproduce

3) Allele with advantageous characteristic passed to offspring

4) Process repeated over generations

- Lay eggs in fecal matter around sheep's tail >>> diazion used to prevent blowstrike (developed resistance)

No significant difference between specified population and differences due to variation

>>> For data to be considered significantly different from chance alone probability must be 0.05 or less