Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In general, in a sample of n individuals, the frequency of an allele is
|
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals in the sample (2n)
|
|
At a genetic level, evolution is
|
A change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time
|
|
A differential success of alleles is called_______.
|
Selection
|
|
Natural Selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele is called
|
Positive Selection
|
|
The non adaptive mechanism of of evolutionary changes are
|
Migration, Mutation, and Genetic Drift
|
|
When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the
|
Morphospecies concept
|
|
A population that exhibits only one allele at a particular gene is said to be _________ for that allele
|
Fixed
|
|
A hypothetical endangered species of
wildflower has been reduced to a single small population in a mountain meadow. A rare early spring blizzard kills all but 3 of the remaining plants, one of which has a rare mutation. This is an example of: |
Genetic drift/Bottleneck.
|
|
For species determination of asexual
organisms, it is useful to use: |
Ecological Species Concept and the Evolutionary species concept.
|
|
Unlike the biological species concept,
the morphospecies concept relies on |
Phenotype
|
|
The Biological species concept cannot be applied to
|
A. extinct organisms.
B. asexual organisms such as bacteria. C. polymorphic species. D. extinct and asexual organisms |
|
Two populations are the same species if they can successfully breed with each other. (true or false)
|
True
|
|
You are studying reproduction in a species of frog. Two gametes that are diploid join to
form a viable zygote. If the F1 mates with one of the parents will there be viable offspring? |
NO
|
|
Two individuals are members of the
same species if: |
They can produce fertile offspring.
|
|
Horses and donkeys can interbreed, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. This is an
example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism? |
post-zygotic, genetic separation
|
|
_____ is the process in which two groups
of organisms living in the same habitat |
sympatric speciation
|
|
_____ is the process by which diverging
populations undergo natural selection in favor of enhanced pre-zygotic isolation. |
Reinforcement
|
|
Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males
and females recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? |
Pre-zygotic, Behavioral isolation
|
|
Which of the following characteristics of
development is unique to animals? |
Changes in cell position
|
|
2. The major evolutionary split of bilaterian
animals was based on_____. |
Developmental Patterns
|
|
The advantages of the amniotic egg includes
A. relatively short development times. |
the ability to resist desiccation in dry terrestrial
habitats. |
|
true coelom arises between layers of:
|
Mesoderm only
|
|
Comparative embryology helped clarify the relationships among major groups of animals.
The bilaterians, for example, can be divided into the _____ based on the developmental fate of the blastopore. |
protostomes and deuterostomes
|
|
A close evolutionary relationship between annelids and mollusks is suggested by the
presence of a _____ in both phyla as well as by molecular sequence comparisons. |
Trocophore
|
|
Cnidarians are able to capture prey with the
aid of _____, harpoon-like organelles that are often tipped with neurotoxins. |
Cnidocyte
|
|
Diploblastic organisms lack which germ
layer? |
Mesoderm
|
|
Bilaterians develop specialized organs because they have:
|
Three Germ Layers
|
|
Cnidarians form true epithelial tissue
|
True
|
|
_____, such as sea squirts, share
features of the chordate body plan during early development. |
Tunicates
|
|
The ____, which includes the sharks, skates, and rays,
are unique in possessing skeletons made of _____. |
Chondrichthyes; cartilage
|
|
Macroscopic fossils of organisms
thought to be animals first appeared in rocks deposited around _____ million |
542 Million Years Ago
|
|
The _____, which include lobsters and crabs,
have _____ legs and, in the ocean, fill many of the ecological roles filled by insects on land. |
Crustaceans; branched
|
|
Within insects, the main evolutionary dividing line is between those that
|
Undergo full metamorphosis and those that don’t.
|
|
The water-to-land transition was achieved through a series of significant morphological and
physiological changes. Which of the following did not contribute to the transition? |
The evolution of jaws for better prey capture and feeding.
|
|
The Deuterostomia include
|
Chordates
|
|
The most diverse group of
arthropods is the |
Insects
|
|
The Ecdysozoa include
|
Arthropods
|
|
Insects exchange gasses through pores called _____, which connect to an internal system
of tubes called _____, which are in turn connected to respiring tissues. |
spiracles; tracheae
|
|
Hominins are defined as:
|
members of species in the lineage
leading to humans. |
|
Which is a major trend in the evolution of modern
humans? |
A. body size increase
B. cranium size increase C. opposable thumb complexity increase |
|
3. Approximately what percentage of
modern human mtDNA is Neanderthal derived? |
0%
|
|
Our ancestors were bipedal by at least
_________ million years ago, as evidenced by the Lucy skeleton |
3.2
|
|
Denaturing hybrid double-helixes is used to compare evolutionary relatedness.
Complementary strands denature at 95 degrees. Some hybrid strands tested denature at 93 degrees. What does this mean? |
They are less complementary
|
|
Approximately 85% of human genetic variation
occurs between individuals within a population (e.g., Swedes), whereas ________ occurs between races. |
Much less variation
|
|
Neonaty is the acquisition of sexual
maturity in an otherwise _______ state |
Juvenile
|
|
'Displays’ are patterns of behavior that:
|
Are species specific, are highly
repeatable, and function as signals. |
|
Male Australian bowerbirds build and decorate
elaborate structures, called bowers, out of grasses and other vegetation. If we want to understand how this behavior promotes a male bowerbird’s ability to survive and reproduce, we want to understand its: |
adaptive function
|
|
Which of the following best describes the genetic basis of behavior?
|
Most behaviors are influenced by many genes, and a few behaviors are strongly influenced by
a single gene. |
|
When allele frequencies change because of
genetic drift,_____. |
The effect of drift on average fitness is not
predictable |
|
“An individual with a novel adaptation has evolved that
adaptation.” This statement is |
False
|
|
A biologist doing a long-term study on a wild spider
population observes increased variation in silk thickness. Which of the following could the spider population be experiencing? |
Disruptive Selection
|
|
In which taxonomic group do whales
belong? |
A. Chordata
B. Cetacea C. Mammalia |
|
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?
|
Division of these two groups occurred after the
protostome developmental sequence appeared. |
|
The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this
suggest? |
The body cavity evolved before the lophophore.
|
|
The major evolutionary split of protostome animals
was based on _____. |
way that the organism grows
|
|
Which adaptation is unique to insects
among all protostomes? |
The ability to move by flying
|
|
Which one of these groups does not
molt? A. Crustaceans B. Arthropods C. Mollusks D. Chelicerata E. Nematoda |
Mollusks
|
|
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in homozygous recessive humans. It typically causes death in the early 30s. Over time we would expect the allele frequency to _________for
this trait. A. Remain the same B. Increase C. Decrease D. Fluctuate randomly E. Drive disruptive selection |
Remain the same
|
|
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest?
|
That the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait
|
|
Which of the following statements best describes
theories? A) They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. B) They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. C) They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once. D) They are predictions of future events. |
They are supported by, and make sense of, many
observations. |
|
Why does recombination between linked genes
continue to occur? |
New allele combinations are acted upon by natural selection.
|
|
In the formula for determining a population’s genotype
frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is necessary because |
Heterozygotes have two alleles.
|
|
If two modern organisms are distantly related in an
evolutionary sense, then one should expect that |
They should share fewer homologous structures than
two more closely related organisms. |
|
Which of the following factors would not contribute to
allopatric speciation? |
Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.
|
|
The “realized niche” of Canadian geese depends on which of the following?
a. interspecific competition between Canadian geese and other birds b. competitive exclusion of Canadian geese by other organisms c. the distribution of Canadian geese parasites d. the climate of a given environment e. All of the above. |
All of the above
|
|
The presence of amino acid– producing bacteria in the bodies of aphids is an example of:
|
obligate mutualism.
|
|
In what biome would you expect to find the greatest diversity of insects?
|
Rain Forest
|
|
As a population approaches its
carrying capacity, its growth rate: |
Decreases
|
|
Only density-dependent factors impact
population growth. |
False
|
|
A population that has a high mortality
early in the life cycle would have a ____________ survivorship curve. |
Type III
|
|
Humans are considered:
a. r-strategists. b. K-strategists . c. non-strategists. |
K-Strategist
|
|
Which of the following are forms of
asexual reproduction? a. budding b. fragmentation c. parthenogenesis d. All of the above. |
All of the above
|
|
Meiosis is a form of cell division that:
|
halves the chromosome number.
|
|
Which is not an advantage of
asexual reproduction? a. does not involve finding a mate b. allows rapid reproduction and population increases c. increases genetic diversity within the population d. can occur despite low population density |
increases genetic diversity within the population
|