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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Complete a Punnett square crossing a homozygous dominant with a heterozygous.
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D D
----------------------- D DD DD ----------------------- d Dd Dd |
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2. What are the genotype and phenotype ratios of the cross in #1?
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Genotype- 2:2:0
Phenotype- 4:0 |
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3. What is the driving force behind evolution?
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Natural selection
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4. What is unique about each species DNA?
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The order of the bases
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5. What is cancer?
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Uncontrolled cell division caused by changes in the DNA
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6. What process makes identical copies of DNA?
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Replication
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7. In a food chain, what is a producer? Give examples.
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An autotroph. Plants, algae and some bacteria.
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8. Traits are inherited by?
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Pairs of genes (alleles) from parent to offspring.
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9. Use the chart in your textbook to decode the following strand of DNA first into RNA, then into a chain of amino acids. TAC – CGC – ATT
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DNA strand - TAC - CGC - ATT
RNA strand - AUG -GCG -UAA Amino acids - Met - Ala - Stop |
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10. What is the process of making RNA from a DNA template called? Draw a picture of where this takes place in the cell.
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Transcription - takes place in the nucleus
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11. Making an amino acid chain is called what? Where does it take place? Draw a picture of this process.
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Translation - At the ribosome in the cytoplasm
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12. Define species.
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Organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring together.
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13. How is protein sequencing used in determining evolutionary relationships?
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The more base sequences that have in common, the more closely related the two species are.
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14. What happens when predators are removed from food webs and chains?
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The population directly beneath will rise, which in turn will cause the feeding level beneath that to fall.
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15. How do lethal genetic diseases remain in the population?
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Usually in the form of recessive carriers.
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16. If a brown guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig, and all the offspring turn
out brown, which color is dominant? |
Brown
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17. Give an example for sex-linked inheritance – how can you tell?
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Colorblindness & Hemophilia. It shows up more often in males than females. The allele is located on X chromosome.
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18. Give an example of incomplete dominance – how can you tell?
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Pink snapdragons. Red X white makes pink, a third phenotype. Any time you see a third phenotype that is inbetween the parents. Black and white makes gray,
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19. Give an example of codominance – how can you tell?
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A white chicken crossed with a black chicken = checkered black/white chicken. When both colors show up equally.
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20. In an energy pyramid, 90% of the energy is lost at each level as heat. What body processes generate this heat? (think of the characteristics of life.)
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All the processes of metabolism - growth, development, reproduction, movement, digestion, respiration, etc.
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21. What is a karyotype? What is a Monosomy? What is a Trisomy?
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A diploid set of chromosomes arranged in pairs by decreasing size. A monosomy is when one chromosome is missing. Trisomy is when there is one extra.
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22. What is a common disorder caused by a Monosomy? Trisomy?
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The most common Monosomy is Turners - Monosomy X
The most common Trisomy is Down syndrome (Trisomy 23) and Klinefelter XXY. |
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23. Mutations in a gene will directly affect the production of what?
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Proteins
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24. Define the process of natural selection.
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Survival and reproduction of the organisms that are best adapted to the environment
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25. Draw a picture of a DNA molecule, label it’s parts.
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nucleotide, base pair, hydrogen bond, sugar, phosphate, base.
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26. Give an example of a chance occurrence that could lead to genetic drift.
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Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population. Things like a flood, epidemic, earthquake, etc.
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27. Why is genetic variation in a population so important?
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It helps species survive catastrophic change.
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28. What is a mutation? What types of thing cause them? What do they lead to?
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Changes in the DNA. Exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation and extreme heat. They result in formation of the wrong protein which may cause genetic disorders.
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29. A mutation in which type of cell would be passed on to the next generation?
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Sex cells
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30. In the carbon cycle, which processes convert CO2 into sugar? Which process converts sugar into CO2? What does the burning of fossil fuels produce?
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Photosynthesis.
Respiration. CO2 |
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31. What are the 3 greenhouse gases?
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Water vapor, CO2, methane
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32. What is geographic isolation, and what does it lead to?
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A form of reporductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers. It leds to the formation of two separate species.
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33. What is the difference between the terms genotype and phenotype?
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Genotype - gene types: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous.
Phenotype - physical type, what does it physically look like. |
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34. What is the difference between a frame-shift mutation and a point shift mutation?
Which is more damaging? Why? |
In a point shift mutation, there is a substitution in a single base pair. In a frame shift mutation, there has been a deletion or an insertion, so the entire reading of the sequence is shifted over, which is the most damaging type of gene mutation.
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35. What is meant by the term nitrogen fixation? What two processes can undergo nitrogen fixation?
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The process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can use. Bacteria and lightening are needed for two separate processes.
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36. What is the function of the digestive system and the circulatory system?
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The digestive system absorbs nutrients from food.
The circulatory system transports nutrients & oxygen to cells and removes waste and CO2. |
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37. How does stomach acid help prevent disease?
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Stomach acids destroy bacteria and other pathogens in food we eat.
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38. What is meant by the term antibiotic resistance? What do antibiotics kill?
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When bacteria are no longer killled by the antibiotic. Antibiotics do not kill viruses, only bacteria.
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39. What is the difference between an infectious disease vs. a genetic disease?
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Infectious means it is caused by a pathogen. Genetic means it is caused by changes in a person's genes.
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40. What is meant by the term gene pool? How do you know if evolution has occurred in a population?
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All of the genes that are present in a population at any one time. If there is a change in the allelic frequency - the number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene, then evolution has occurred.
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What two things provide genetic variety for evolution.
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Mutations and sexual reproduction.
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How does adaptive radiation reduce competition?
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Many species evolve from a single species by adapting to different niches. (food sources)
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Give some examples of vestigial structures.
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Leg bones in snakes. Pelvis in whales. Tail-bone in humans.
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The development of similar characteristics in unrelated species, such as a marsupial anteater and a placental anteater is called ?
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Convergent evolution.
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Describe directional selection.
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When natural selection selects for one extreme of the phenotypic range.
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What three conditions must exist in order for natural selection to operate?
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Overproduction of offspring, an advantage to a variation, and competition for limited resources.
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Define evolution.
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Change in the gene pool over time.
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How do population develop resistance?
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The interaction of variations in the population and natural selection. The variations can be the result of sexual reproduction or mutation.
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What is a homologous structure and give some examples.
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Homologous structures may not necessarily perform the same function but they share a common ancestral origin. Examples: Forelimbs in mammals
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What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?
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In artificial selection, people choose which traits are selected for in the next generation. In natural selection environmental pressures select the traits.
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Two or more groups of different species living together form a ?
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Community.
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What two factors are most important in determining a biome?
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Temperature and precipitation.
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Name three reasons why a lichen is important.
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1. It's a pioneer species in succession.
2. It's an indicator species for pollution. 3. It's a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae - mutualism. |
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What biome do you live in and describe it.
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Temperate, deciduous forest. Broad leaf trees, rich soil, moderate rainfall, hot summers and cold winters.
Climax community of oak, maple, beech. |
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Which biomes have very little rainfall?
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Desert and tundra.
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Name an example for each of the following: A decomposer. A producer. An herbivore. A carnivore. An omnivore.
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Bacteria.
Plant. Grasshopper. Wolf. Bear. |
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Give an example of the following three symbiotic relationships: Mutualism. Parasitism. Commensalism.
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Bacteria in our intestines
Tape worm. Barnacle. |
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Name some abiotic and biotic factors that effect your life.
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Abiotic: temperature, sunlight, water.
Biotic: parasites, food, your pets, other people. |
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In a food chain, a hawk eats a frog, which eats a grasshopper, which eats grass. How much energy would there be for the hawk if there was 100,000 kilocalories available at the level of the grass?
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100 kilocalories
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Why are invasive species bad?
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They have no natural predators, therefore they out-compete the native species and replace them. Often times they destroy habitats.
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In a heterozygous genotype, which allele will be expressed?
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The dominant one.
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How do you determine phenotype?
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By looking at the appearance of the organism.
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In X linked inheritance, a father passes a sex linked gene to who? A mother passes a sex linked gene to who?
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Father passes it to a daughter only. A mother passes it to either a daughter or a son.
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Complete a punnett square to determine the odds of having a male versus a female offspring. Which parent determines the sex of the offspring?
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50/50. The father.
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What type of inheritance pattern has the broadest range of phenotypes?
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Polygenic.
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What is a test cross used for?
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To determine if a plant or animal has a genotype of homozygous dominant or heterozygous. They are not used on people. The best you could do would be a pedigree to determine this for a person. If one parent was rr, then you know the genotype is heterozygous.
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What is a carrier?
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Heterozygous for a recessive disease.
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What can a punnett square predict?
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Possible genotypes for the offspring.
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How do monosomies and trisomies occur?
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Nondisjunction - failure of the sister chromatids to properly separate during meiosis.
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Genes code for the making of _______?
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Proteins.
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A DNA nucleotide is composed of?
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Phosphate, deoxyribose and nitrogen base.
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What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
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RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. RNA has a ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA has uracil instead of thymine.
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What controls chemical reactions?
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Enzymes (type of protein).
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What determines what you look like?
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Genes which code for proteins.
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Building and repairing cell parts is the job of _________?
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Proteins.
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What is a codon and what does it do?
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A sequence of three nitrogen bases on a mRNA strand. It codes for an amino acid.
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How do you write a scientific name?
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Capitalize the first name and underline or italicize both names.
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List the eight taxa in the biological hierarchy in order from largest to smallest.
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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What is a dichotomous key?
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A series of paired questions used to classify an organism.
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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A two name naming system that includes the genus and the specific epithet.
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During dissection we used comparative anatomy. What does this mean?
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To compare anatomical structures between two organisms.
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Who is the father of genetics?
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Gregor Mendel.
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Who discovered the structure of DNA?
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Watson & Crick.
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Who developed the theory of evolution?
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Charles Darwin.
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Who developed binomial nomenclature?
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Carolus Linnaeus.
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What characteristic does a tundra, grassland and desert share?
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No trees
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What are proteins made of?
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Chains of amino acids
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What process occurs at the ribosome and builds an amino acid chain called a polypeptide chain?
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Translation
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What is the phenotype ratio for a cross between
BB X bb. |
4:0 - all would show the dominant phenotype.
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How many numbers will be in a phenotype ratio?
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Only 2 if it is dominant/recessive inheritance.
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What would happen to the cricket population in the food chain shown if the hawks were removed?
grass - cricket - frog - hawk |
Cricket population would decrease because the frog population would increase - extra frogs would eat more crickets.
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What living organism makes nitrogen usable for plants in the process of nitrogen fixation?
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bacteria
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When two organisms appear similar, how can you determine if it is convergent or divergent evolution?
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1. See if they are both classified in the same taxonomic group together - ie mammals, marsupial etc.
2. Determine if their common structures are homologous or analogous (same function). Homologous - divergent (close common ancestor) Analogous - convergent (adapted to similar environments |
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In order for evolution to occur in a species, there must be variation in alleles. Where does this variation come from?
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Mutations and sexual reproduction
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How do you determine if similar structures are homologous or analogous.
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Homologous - Different functions, but similar bone structure.
Analogous - Same function. Internal structure is different |
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How did bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
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Variation withing the species. Some alleles provided immunity.
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What is the role of bacteria?
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Decomposer, nitrogen fixation,
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From whom does a son inherit an X-linked trait from - mom or dad? Why?
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Mom, because dad does not pass an X chromosome to son.
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Which chromosome determines what sex you are?
X or Y. If you are male, who did you inherit this from? |
Y - from dad
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How do monosomies and trisomies happen?
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nondisjunction - failure of sister chromatids to separate properly.
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A dog's scientific name is Canis major. What is its genus name, what is its species name?
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Genus - Canis
Species - Canis major |
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The process of converting nitrogen into usable forms by bacteria and lightning is referred to as? |
Nitrogen Fixation |
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During the carbon cycle, CO2 is released to the atmosphere through respiration and it is taken out of the atmosphere through which process? |
Photosynthesis |
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When two or more groups of different species live together and interact with each other in the same area, they form a(n)? |
community |
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What two factors are most important in determining a biome? |
Precipitation and temperature |
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A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. |
Mustualism |
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What niche(job) do both mushrooms and bacteria serve in their ecosystem? |
Decomposers |
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What occurs after a fire? |
Succession |
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What is the climax community for our area? |
Secondary Succession |
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What are species introduced to a habitat that cause damage to the existing species and environment are called? |
Invasive Species |
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What pioneer species is also important as a pollution indicator and demonstrates a mutualistic relationship? |
Lichen |
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If two animals share the same first scientific name that means they are in which taxon group together? |
Genus |
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When putting the classification taxa in the correct order from largest to smallest, which group is third? |
phylum |
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When studying evolution we compared the rat to our own anatomy. This is called? |
Comparative anatomy |
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Infectious diseases are caused by |
Pathogens |
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Antibiotics are designed to kill |
bacteria |
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A ribose sugar, phosphate group and a base together form a |
Nucleotide |
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it is the order of the _____ in DNA that makes each species unique. |
bases |
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three nitrogen bases forms a |
codon |
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the product of replication is |
DNA |
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The product of transcription is |
RNA |
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The product of transcription is |
amino acid |
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Translation occurs at the |
Ribosomes |
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What replaces thymine in an RNA molecule? |
Uracil |
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Who discovered the shape of DNA? |
Watson and Crick |
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Who is the father of genetics? |
Mendel |
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How a trait appears is called your |
genotype |
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The gene combination that determines the traits is called? |
Genotype |
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What term is used to describe the genotype when both alleles are the same? |
Homozygous |
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What term is used to describe the genotype when the two alleles are different? |
Heterozygous |
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What type of inheritance pattern produces a third phenotype which is a blending of both alleles? |
Incomplete dominance |
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What type of inheritance pattern produces a phenotype in which both alleles are visible at the same time? |
Co-Dominance inheritance |
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Which type of inheritance can a father not pass to his son? |
Sex linked |
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Which type of inheritance shows a wide range of phenotypes? |
Polygenic |
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What do you complete if you want to predict the possible genotypes for offspring of a cross? |
Punnett square |
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What do you make if you want to know the cause of a genetic disorder? |
karyotype |
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Down syndrome is caused by a? |
extra 21 chromosome |
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What do you call someone who is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disease? |
Carrier |
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Which molecule controls chemical reactions, builds cell parts, and helps determine what you look like? |
Protein |
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Who developed the theory of evolution? |
Darwin |
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What is the driving force behind evolution? |
Natural Selection |
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Structures with similar patterns, like the forearms of mammals are call? |
Homologous |
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Structures with similar functions are called? |
Analogous |
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Structures which no longer serve their intended purpose, like eyes on a blind fish, are called? |
Vestigal |
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When the environment is selecting for two extremes of a polygenic trait, it is called disruptive. What is it called when it is selecting for just one extreme? |
Directional |
