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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bottom-up process |
cognitive (usually perceptual) process guided by environmental input |
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categorical perception |
classification of sounds that vary on an acoustic dimension continuously into discrete categories
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configural superiority effect (CSE) |
a perceptual phenomenon in which perception of an "odd stimulus out" is faster in a composite stimulus display than in a base stimulus display with fewer stimuli |
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constructivist approach to perception |
an understanding of perception as a process requiring the active construction of subjective mental representations not only from perceptual information but also from long-term memory |
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context effects |
effect on a cognitive process (ex: perception) of the information surrounding the target object or event. Sometimes call expectation effect because the context is thought to set up certain expectations in the mind of the cognitive processor |
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direct perception |
theory of perceptions, proposed by James J. Gibson holding that information in the world is "picked up on" by the cognitive processor without much construction of internal representations or inferences. The emphasis is on direct acquisition of information |
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distal stimulus |
an object, event, or pattern as it exists in the world |
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emergence |
a perceptual phenomenon in which qualitative differences appear as parts of a stimulus are added, such that whole stimuli take on properties that are novel and unpredictable |
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feature |
a component, or part, of an object, event, or representation |
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figure-ground organization |
a perceptual segregation of a stimulus into one or more objects of a focal interest and background |
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geon |
simple geometric component hypothesized to be used in the recognition of objects |
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Gestalt principles of perceptual organization |
law that explain the regularities in the way people come to the perceptual interpretations of stimuli. The emphasis is on the apprehension of whole structures rather on than the detection and assembly of parts of structures |
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pattern recognition |
classification of a stimulus into a category |
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percept |
outcome of a perceptual process; the meaningful interpretation of incoming information |
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perception |
the interpretation of sensory information to yield a meaningful description or understanding |
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perceptual learning |
the changes in perception that occur as a function of practice or experience with the stimuli |
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phenome |
the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference between utterances in a given language |
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prototype |
an abstract representation of an idealized member of a class of objects or events |
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proximal stimulus |
reception of information and its registration by a sense organ - for example, retinal images in the case of vision |
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retina |
a layer of visual receptor cells at the rear of the eyeball |
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retinal image |
a proximal stimulus for vision consisting of the projection of light waves reflected from stimuli and projected to a surface at the back of the eye |
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size constancy |
the phenomenon that one's perception of an object remains constant even as the retinal image of the object changes size (ex: because the object has moved closer or farther away from the perceiver) |
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subjective contours |
illusory outline created by certain visual cues that lead to erroneous form perception. The existence of this phenomenon suggests that a perception is an active constructive process |
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template |
a stored pattern or model to which incoming information is matched in order to be recognized and classified |
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top-down procesc |
cognitive process directed by expectations (derived from context, past learning, or both) to form a larger percept, concept, or interpretation. Also called conceptually driven or theory-driven process |
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visual agnosia |
an impairment in the ability to interpret (but not to see) visual information |
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visual search task |
a task in which subjects are asked to detect the presence of a particular target against an array of similar stimuli |
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word superiority effect |
the phenomenon that single letters are more quickly identified in the context of words than they are when presented alone or in the context of random letters |
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attention hypothesis of automatization |
the proposal that attention is needed during the learning phase of a new task |
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attentional capture |
a phenomenon in which certain stimuli seem to "pop out" and require a person to shift cognitive resources automatically to them |
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attenuation theory |
a model of attention in which unattended perceptual events are transmitted in weakened form but not blocked completely before being processes for meaning |
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automatic processing |
the carrying out of a cognitive task with minimal resources. Typically, automatic processing occurs without intention, interferes minimally with other cognitive tasks, and may not involve conscious awareness |
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controlled processing |
the carrying out of a cognitive task with a deliberate allocation of cognitive resources. Typically, controlled processing occurs on difficult and/or unfamiliar tasks requiring attention and is under conscious control |
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dichotic listening task |
a task in which a person hears two or more different, specially recorded messages over earphones and is asked to attend to one of them |
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divided attention |
the ways in which a cognitive processor allocated cognitive resources to two or more tasks that are carried out simultaneously |
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dual-task performance |
an experimental paradigm involving presentation of two tasks for a person to work on simultaneously |
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event-related potential (ERP) |
an electrical recording technique used to measure the response of the brain the various stimulus events |
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feature integration theory |
proposal that perception of familiar stimuli occurs in two stages. The first, automatic stage involved the perception of object features. The second, attentional stage involves the integration and unification of those features |
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filter theory |
theory of attention proposing that information that exceeds the capacity of a processor to process at any given time is blocked from further processing |
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inattentional blindness |
phenomenon of not perceiving a stimulus that might be literally right in front of you, unless you are paying attention to it |
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priming |
phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus facilitates response to another stimulus |
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schema theory |
theory of attention that claims unattended information is never perceived |
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selective attention |
focusing of cognitive resources on one or a small number of tasks to the exclusion of others |
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Stroop task |
a task invented by J.R. Stroop in which a subject sees a list of words (color terms) printed in an ink color that differs from the word names. The subject is asked to name to ink colors of the words on the list and demonstrates great difficulty in doing so, relative to a condition in which non-color words form the stimuli |
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one important perceptual task is the ________________ of the figure from the background |
segregation |
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perception clearly involves some _______________ and some ________________ of the sensations we receive |
integration
interpretation |
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law of Pragnanz |
states that all of the possible interpretations a perceiver could make of a stimulus, he or she will select the one that yields the simplest, most stable form |
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various bottom-up models of perception include (3): |
1. template matching 2. prototype matching 3. featural analysis |
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template matching |
holds that patterns are recognized when perceivers match them to stored mental representations |
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prototype matching |
posits that the stored mental representations are not exact copies of stimuli but rather idealizations |
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featural analysis |
holds that we first recognize features or components of patterns and objects and then put information about those components together to form an integrated interpretation |
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top-down models of perception incorporate perceivers' _______________ into the model of how we interpret sensory information |
expectations |
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_________________ model of letter perception illustrates just how complex the task of recognizing single letters can be |
connectionist |
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in both constructivist and direct-perception approaches to perception, perception is assumed to be the result of _______________, either mental or physical |
activity |
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disruptions of perceptions |
(as in visual agnosias, including prosopagnosia) involve not understanding or recognizing what is seen |
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apperceptive agnosias |
involve intact recognition of contours but an inability to recognize what the object is |
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associative agnosics |
can recognize the identity of objects but focus intently on small details |
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prosopagnosia |
inability to recognize faces, perhaps or relatives or of famous people, or even one's own reflection or photograph |
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attention is a ___________ system |
flexible |
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selective attention |
the idea that there are limits on the number of things we can play attention to at once |
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a metaphor for attention is a __________________ |
spotlight |
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automatic tasks |
tasks that require little mental capacity to perform |
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some criteria proposed to call a task or process automatic include the following (3): |
1. it occurs without intention 2. it occurs without conscious awareness 3. it does not interfere with other mental activity |
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photoreceptors |
cells that respond to light and are found on the retina |
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rods |
-higher sensitivity -lower acuity -color-blind -found in the periphery of the retina |
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cones |
-lower sensitivity -higher acuity -color-sensitive -found in the fovea |
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neurons in the eye |
- photoceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells and the optic nerve |
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the what system of visual processing: |
- is concerned with the identification of objects - involves an occipital-temporal pathway - damage to this system can result in visual agnosia |
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the where system of visual processing: |
- is concerned with determining the locations of objects and guiding our actions in response - involves an occipital-parietal pathway - damage to this system can result in problems with reaching for seen objects |
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Gestalt principle: parallelism & symmetry |
parallel and/or symmetric contours are likely to belong to the same object |
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Gestalt principle: common fate |
elements that move in the same direction group together |
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Gestalt principle: synchrony |
elements that change at the same time group together |
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illusory contours
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edges not in the sensory signal
being filled in by cognitive processing |
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proximity principle |
proximity has to be perceived by some higher level cognitive process |
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classical configural cues |
- convexity - surroundedness - size - symmetry - parallelism - wide base - lower region - protrusion - familiarity |