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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people |
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prototype |
a mental image or best examples of a category. |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
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insight |
a sudden, often novel, realization of the solution to a problem |
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creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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fixation |
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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functional fixedness |
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function |
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representativeness heuristic |
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
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belief perseverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious recall |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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phoneme |
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
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grammar |
in a language, a system if rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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semantics(study of meaning) |
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language |
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syntax |
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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babbling stage |
beginning around four months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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one-word stage |
the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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two-word stage |
beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
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telegraphic speech |
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, mostly in nouns and verbs |
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linguistic determination |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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Sternburg |
five components of creativity |