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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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People have studied public speaking for how many years?
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well over 2,000 years
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What offers a unique opportunity to explore values, deep-seated feelings, and ideas about what is important in life
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public speaking
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Dyadic communication
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form of communication between two people, as in a conversation
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Small group communication
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small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another. Ex: business meeting
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mass communication
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occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people. Recievers of the message are not present, or there is little interaction. Ex: television, radio, mass rallies.
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public speaking
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speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech.
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four categories of human communication
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dyadic, small group, mass, and public speaking.
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A key feature of any time of communication is..
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sensitivity to the listeners
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What factors distinguish public speaking from other forms of communication?
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opportunities for feedback, level of preparation, and degree of formality
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Does public speaking require more or less practice than the other forms of communication?
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Public speaking requires more practice and preparation.
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Communication:
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an interactive process in qhich people exchange and interpret messages with one another
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What elements are found in any communication event?
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the source, the receiver, the message, the channel, and shared meaning, as well as context goals and outcome
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Source:
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person who creates a message (speaker)
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Encoding:
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the process of organizing the message, choosing words and sentance structure, and verbalizing the message ( delivery to audience)
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Reciever:
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Receipient of the source's message (audience)
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Decoding:
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process of interpreting the message
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Feedback:
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audience's response to a message. Can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally.
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Audience persepective:
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try to determine the needs, attitudes, and values of your audience before you begin speaking. Let their relevant interests guide you in constructing your speech.
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Message:
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the content of the communication process: thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions. Can be expressed verbally and nonverbally.
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Channel:
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medium through which the speaker sends a message
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Noise:
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any interference with the message, can also include psychological distractions
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Shared meaning:
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mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience. Ex: catching audience's attention
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Rhetorical situation:
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includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, or the occasion. Ex: physical setting, order of speeches, recent events on campus, cultural orientations.
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What is a prerequisite for an effective speech?
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Goal
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Rhetorical proofs:
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various types of persuasive appeals, to appeal to an audience.
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A culturally sensitive speaker..
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assumes differences and addresses them with interest and respect
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Opposite of a culturally senstitive speaker
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ethnocentrism
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Ethnocentrism:
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the belief that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures
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Cultural intelligence:
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means being skilled and flexible about understanding a culture, learning more about it from your ongoing interactions with it, and gradually reshaping your thinking to be more sympathetic to the culture and to be more skilled and appropriate when interacting with others from the culture
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Rhetoric:
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the practice of oratory ... emmerged in Greece in the 5th century
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Aristotle and Cicero divided the process of preparing a speech into what five parts?
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invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. AKA the cannons of rhetoric.
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Cannons of rhetoric:
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invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery.
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Invention:
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adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case
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Arrangement:
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organizing the speech in ways that are best suited to the topic and the audience
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Style:
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The way the speaker uses langauge to express the speech ideas
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Memory:
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the practice of the speech until it can be artfully delivered.
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Delivery:
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vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking
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First step in creating a speech is..
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finding a topic
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Audience analysis:
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highly systematic process of getting to know your listeners relative to the topic and the speech occasion. (done through questionnaires and interviews)
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What are the three general speech purposes?
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To inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion.
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Specific purpose:
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Declarative senatance stating what you expect the speech to accomplish.
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thesis statement:
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clearly expresses the central idea of your speech for your audience
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main points
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primary pieces of knowledge
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supporting material:
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illustrates main points by clarifying, elaborating, and verifying the speaker's ideas.
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introduction:
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introduces the topic and the speaker and to alert audience members to your specific speech purpose
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body:
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contains main points which support thesis. This is where you argue your ideas.
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conclusion:
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restates purpose and how main points confirm it.
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A good speech is practiced at least how many times?
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six times
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Vocal delivery:
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includes speech volume, rate, pitch, variety, pronunciation and articulation
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nonverbal delivery:
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facial expressions, gestures, general body movements, physical appearance.
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feedback loop:
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adjusting message based on listeners' reactions. Circular flow between speaker and listener is known as the feedback loop.
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what percent of the time do you listen?
What percent of the time do you speak? |
40% listening, 35% speaking
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Most people retain only half of what they hear immediately and only 35% of what they heard after 24 hours.
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Executives listen upwards of 50 percent of their day
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listening:
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conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting the messages communicated by others.
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selective perception:
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people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others.
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Active listening:
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focused, purposeful listening. process of gathering and evaluating information
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listening distraction:
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anything that competes for attention that you are trying to give to something else
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external listening distraction:
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anything in the environment. Ex: noise, light, heat
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internal listening distraction:
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thoughts and feelings both positive and negative that intrude on our attention
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defensive listening:
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decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better
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critical thinking:
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ability to evaluate claims on the basis of well-supported reasons.
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valid generalization:
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supported by different types of evidence
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overgeneralization:
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unsupported conclusions
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What is the heart of ethics?
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Responsibility
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Responsibility:
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a charge, trust, or duty for which one is accountable
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Ethics:
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the study of moral conduct. The responsibilities we have toward our audience and ourselves.
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ethos
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moral character
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First Amendment protects what right?
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free speech
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are there limits to free speech?
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Yes, it can't provoke violence, be slanderous or invade someone's privacy
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reckless disregard for the truth
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you knew it was wrong but said it anyway
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values
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most enduring judgements or standards of what's good and bad in life, of what's important to us
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psychologist milton Rokeach distinguished between
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terminal and instrumental values
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Terminal values
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desireable ends in themselves.. a state of being
Ex: comfortable life, freedom, friendship |
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Instrumental value
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valued characteristics that people can posses. Ex: forgiving, helpful, loving
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Dignity
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feeling worthy, honored, or respected as a person
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Integrity
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incorruptibility - the ability to avoid comprimise for the sake of personal expediency
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halmark of ethical speaking:
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concern for the greater good
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Trustworthiness
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combination of honesty and dependability
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respect
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treating people right
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hate speech
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ultimate vehicle for promoting in-group and out-group distinctions
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Plagarism:
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the passing off of another person's information as one's own
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wholesale plagarism
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cut-and-paste
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patchwrite plagarism
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rearrange words and sentance structures here and there
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how long is a copyrigt good for?
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the author's life plus fifty years
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intellectual property:
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individuals creative expression
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fair use doctrine
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permits limited use of copyright works for use of scholarship
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