Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is theory? |
All careful, systematic, and self-conscious discussion and analysis of communication phenomena. Also, a set of systematic hunches about the way things operate |
|
Communication |
This is used to describe almost every kind of human interaction? |
|
What is communication? |
The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response. |
|
What is intrapersonal communication? |
Communication with oneself. |
|
What is interpersonal communication? |
Communication between two people, but also includes interaction within families or between friends that may include more than two people. |
|
What is small group communication? |
Communication between three or more people who share a common purpose. (task focused groups) |
|
What is organizational communication? |
Communication in larger more structured groups. |
|
What is public communication (rhetoric)? |
Communication from one person to many |
|
What is mass communication? |
Communication generally disseminated via some form of media rather than in person. |
|
What is intercultural communication? |
Communication between people from different cultures. |
|
What is Epistemology? |
The study of the origin, nature, method, and limits of knowledge. (How do we know what we know?). |
|
What is an Interpretive Scholar? |
interpret meaning of text, and expose & publically resist the ideology that permeates the accepted wisdom of society; they tend to reject any notion of permanent truth or meaning |
|
What is a behavioral scientist? |
Scholar who applies the scientific method to describe, predict, and explain recurring forms of human behavior. |
|
What is an Empirical Theory? |
One developed by observing data collected through direct observation. |
|
What is Ethnography? |
Method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture's complex web of meaning. |
|
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? |
The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated. |
|
What is symbolic interactionism? |
The ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the others will react,a conversation. |
|
What is the looking glass self? |
The mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other (the objective self). |
|
What is Proxemics? |
The study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture. Coined by Edward Hall in "The Hidden Dimension". |
|
What is the Expectancy Violations Theory? |
Examines the role that norms play in interactions. Explains that norm violations or violations of expectations convey considerable meaning in interactions. |
|
What is Social Penetration Theory? |
The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability. |
|
What is self-disclosure? |
The voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc. with another person; transparency. |
|
What is the Social Exchange Theory? |
Relationship behavior and status regulated by both parties evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other. |
|
What is Uncertainty Reduction Theory? |
Suggests that instead of our behavior being driven by rewards and costs, it is instead drive by a desire to reduce uncertainty. Offers 8 axioms that explore the relationship between uncertainty and relationship development. |
|
What is Relational Dialectics Theory? |
States that social life is a dynamic know of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay b/w contrary or opposing tendencies. 3 primary dialectic tensions. |
|
People assign meaning. |
Words don't hold meanings, what does?People assign meaning. |
|
1. Maps 2. Nets 3. Lenses
|
Theory can be described as? |
|
What is Epistemology? |
The search for knowledge |
|
Subjective, there can be many explanations for the same event, all having the same weight. |
According to interpretive scholars, truth is? |
|
Objective approaches are concerned with? |
Expanding choice that comes from a focus on free will. |
|
Interpretive approaches are concerned with? |
There being more than one reality in the world. |
|
Objective approaches attempt to find? |
Universal laws or generalizations that explain human behavior. |
|
Objective |
Which is more likely to do an experiment as part of his or her research; an objective or interpretive scholar? |
|
Mead |
The theorist most commonly associated with symbolic interactionism is? |
|
Minding |
This describes an inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding? |
|
Looking-glass self |
This described how we construct our sense of self by imagining how we look to another person? |
|
Unpredictable behavior. |
Mead suggest that the self is an ongoing process that combines the I and ME as a spontaneous force that fosters? |
|
The generalized other |
The composite set of information that an individual has of his or her self based on societal expecatations and responses is called? |
|
Personal Distance |
According to Edward Hall the distance of 18 inches to 4 feet between people is called? |
|
Interpret the action in light of how that person can affect our lives. |
According to Expectancy Violations Theory when we are unsure about the meaning of an action we? |
|
Paul Mongeau |
Who said that men interpret female-initiated dates as a sign that the female is interested in sexual activity? |
|
It does not fully account for reciprocity in relationships. |
What is a problem that Burgoon notes about Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)? |
|
Judee Burgoon |
Who is the founding researcher for Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)? |
|
In the inner core of personality |
According to Social Penetration Theory, values are found where? |
|
Gradual and orderly self-disclosure |
According to Social Penetration Theory, the key to relational closeness is? |
|
Most likely stay in the relationship |
According to social exchange theory, if the rewards minus the costs exceed what is available in other relationships, a person will? |
|
Costs and rewards |
The following change over time and between people? |
|
Decreased intimate content of communication |
High levels of uncertainty cause? |
|
Uncertainty decreases |
As nonverbal warmth increases? |
|
Predictive Outcome Value (POV) is more important that reducing uncertainty. |
Uncertainty reduction theory fails because? |
|
1. The additional of anxiety 2. The goal of effective communication 3. The establishment of thresholds for fear and doubt.
|
Gundykunst's anxiety/uncertainty management theory differs from Berger's uncertainty reduction theory in? |
|
Contradictions |
Relational dialectics states that relationships involve a series of? |
|
Connection-Autonomy |
Baxter and Montgomery use this to describe an internal dialectic tension? |
|
The presence of tension between autonomy and connection in a relationship. |
According to Relational Dialectics Theory, this is a sign of a healthy relationship? |
|
Assimilation |
The mental process of drawing an idea toward the hearer's anchor so that it seems like opinions match it is called? |
|
The high source credibility of the messenger. |
This will expand a recipient's latitude of acceptance? |
|
Anchor Point |
The point we use to determine the discrepancy of a message is called our? |
|
Ego-involvement |
Sherif's label for determining how crucial an issue is in someone's life is called? |
|
It describes what happens in the mind when a person hears a message that he or she needs to judge. |
Social judgement theory is considered a cognitive theory because? |
|
What are paradigms? |
Differing assumptions and traditions that form a conclusion in the study of communication theory. |
|
Free Will and Determinism |
Some scholars believe in this while some scholars believe in this? |
|
1. Scientific Research 2. Quantitative/Empirical Analysis 3. Objective Truth (singular) 4. Determinism 5. Seek to understand universal laws (generalizing and predicting: cause and effect)
|
How do those in the Social Sciences study communication theory? |
|
1. Interpretive research 2. Qualitative Analysis 3. Subjective Truth (plural) 4. Free will 5. Seek in-depth understanding (interpretation and sometimes advocating change)
|
How do those in the Humanities study communication theory? |
|
1. Explains "why" 2. Predicts (controls) 3. Has parsimony (It is simple with clear scope and boundaries) 4. Is falsifiable (can be tested). 5. Has practical utility (It is useful)
|
A good scientific theory has the following? |
|
1. Provides new understanding 2. Clarifies values 3. Has aesthetic appeal 4. Withstands widespread scrutiny and stands the test of time. 5. Suggests reform of society (It is often critical).
|
A good interpretive theory has the following? |
|
What is a Rhetorician? |
Scholar who studies the ways in which symbolic forms can be used to identify with people or persuade them toward a certain point of view. |
|
What is an objective approach? |
The assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationships. |
|
What is source credibility? |
Perceived competence and trustworthiness of a speaker or writer that affects how the message is received. |
|
What is identification? |
A perceived role relationship that affects self-image and attitudes, based on attractiveness of the role model and sustained if the relationship remains salient. |
|
What is an interpretive approach? |
The linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible. |
|
What is Burke's dramatistic pentad? |
A 5 pronged method of rhetorical criticism to analyze a speaker's persuasive strategy-act, scene, agent, agency, purpose. |
|
What is Humanistic Scholarship? |
The study of what it's like to be another person in a specific time and place; assumes there are few important pan human similarities. |
|
What is determinism? |
The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment. |
|
Effectiveness and Participation |
Every general communication theory has these two priorities? |
|
What is metatheory? |
Theory about a theory. The stated or inherent assumptions made when creating a theory. |
|
1. Explanation of the Data 2. Prediction of future events 3. Relative simplicity 4. Hypothesis can be tested 5. Practical utility 6. Quantitative Research
|
What are the standards of a good scientific theory? |
|
What is a survey? |
A research method that uses questionnaires and structured interviews to collect self-reported data that reflects what respondents think, feel, or intend to do. |
|
1. New understanding of people 2. Clarification of Values 3. Aesthetic Appeal 4. Community of agreement 5. Reform of Society 6. Qualitative Research
|
What makes an Interpretive Theory good? |
|
What is the Sensing Intuition Scale? |
Show how people perceive or acquire information. How they seek to find out about things. |
|
1. Meaning 2. Language 3. Thinking
|
What are the three core principles of symbolic interactionism? |
|
What is minding? |
An inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding; self talk. |
|
What is taking the role of the other? |
The process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you. |
|
What is considered I? |
The subjective self; the spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self. |
|
What is considered me? |
The objective self; the image of self seen when one takes the role of the other. There is no me at birth. |
|
What is considered the Generalized Other? |
The composite mental image a person has of his or her self based on societal expectations and responses. |
|
What is participant observation? |
A method of adopting the stance of an ignorant yet interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do in order to discover how to interpret their world. |
|
1. Intimate Distance (0-18 inches) 2. Personal Distance (18 in-4ft) 3. Social Distance (4-10ft) 4. Public Distance (10ft and beyond)
|
What are the 4 proximal zones? |
|
What is a threat threshold? |
The hypothetical outer boundary of intimate space; a breach by an uninvited other occasions fight or flight. |
|
1. Expectancy 2. Violation Valence 3. Communication Reward Valance
|
What are the three core connects of expectancy violations theory? |
|
What is expectancy? |
What people predict will happen, rather than what they desire. |
|
What is violation valence? |
The perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless of who the violator is. |
|
What is communication reward valence? |
Sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future. |
|
What is interaction adaptation theory? |
A systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated, or preferred. |
|
What is interaction position? |
A person's initial stance toward an interaction determined by a blend of personal requirements, expectations, and desires (RED). |
|
What is Kant's Categorical Imperative? |
Duty without exceptions. Act only on that maxim which you can will to become an universal law. |
|
What is Personality Structure? |
The onion like laters of beliefs and feelings about self, others, and the world; deeper layers are more vulnerable, protected, and central to self-image. |
|
What is depth of penetration? |
The degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual's life. |
|
What is Outcome? |
The perceived rewards minus the cost of interpersonal interaction. |
|
What is the Minimax Principle of Human Behavior? |
People seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs. |
|
What is comparison level? |
The threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive. |
|
What is ethical egoism? |
The belief that individuals should live their lives so as to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain. |
|
What is a dialectical model? |
The assumption that people want both privacy and intimacy in their social relationships; they experience a tensions b/w disclosure and withdrawal. |
|
What is territoriality? |
The tendency to claim a physical location or object as our own. |
|
Charles Berger |
Who established the Uncertainty Reduction Theory? |
|
What is Attribution Theory? |
A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based upon observed behavior. |
|
Fritz Heider |
Who is credited with attribution theory? |
|
What is an axiom? |
A self-evidence truth that requires no additional proof. |
|
1. Verbal communication 2. Non-verbal warmth 3. Information Seeking 4. Self-disclosure 5. Reciprocity 6. Similarity 7. Liking 8. Shared Networks
|
What are the 8 key variables of relationship development? |
|
What is a theorem? |
A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from 2 axioms. |
|
What are message plans? |
Mental representations of action sequences that may be used to achieve goals. |
|
What is passive strategy? |
Impression formation by observing a person interacting with others. |
|
What is an active strategy? |
Impression formation by asking a 3rd party about a person. |
|
What is an interactive strategy? |
Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person. |
|
What is plan complexity? |
Characteristics of a message plan based on the level of detail it provides and the number of contingencies it covers. |
|
What is hedging? |
Use of strategic ambiguity and humor to provide a way for both parties to save face when a message fail to achieve its goal. |
|
What is hierarchy hypothesis? |
Prediction that when people are thwarted in their attempts to achieve goals, their first tendency is to alter lower-level elements of their message. |
|
What is Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM)? |
An intercultural theory that claims high levels of uncertainty and anxiety lead to greater misunderstanding when strangers don't communicate mindfully. |
|
Effective communication |
What is the end goal of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory? |
|
1. Self-concept 2. Situational Context 3. Motivation to Interact 4. Categorization of strangers 5. Attitudes toward strangers 6. Closeness with strangers 7. Ethical responsibilities
|
What are the seven categories of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory? |
|
What is mindfulness? |
The process of thinking in new categories being open to new information and recognizing multiple perspectives. |
|
What is predicted outcome value? |
Forecast of future benefits and cost of interaction based on limited experience with the other. |
|
1. Connectedness and Separateness 2. Certainty and Uncertainty 3. Openness and Closedness
|
What are the three primary dialectics described by Relational Dialectics Theory? |
|
What is relational dialectics? |
States that social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies. |
|
What is contradiction? |
The dynamic interplay between unified oppositions and is a core connect of relational dialectics. |
|
What are internal dialectics? |
Ongoing tensions played out in a relationship |
|
What are external dialectics? |
Ongoing tensions b/w a couple and their community. |
|
Connection-Autonomy |
What is an example of internal dialectic within integration-separation? |
|
Inclusion-Seclusion |
What is an example of external dialectic within intergration-separation? |
|
Certainty-Uncertainty |
What is an example of internal dialection within stability-change? |
|
Conventionality-uniqueness |
What is an example of external dialectic within stability-change? |
|
Openness-Closedness |
What is an example of internal dialectic within expression-non-expression? |
|
Revelation-Concealment |
What is an example of external dialectic within expression-non-expression? |
|
What is Mikhail Bakhtin's Concept of Dialogue? |
Communication that is constitutive, always in flux, capable of achieving aesthetic moments. |
|
What is constitutive dialogue? |
Communication that creates sustains and alters relationships and the social world. |
|
What is dialectical flux? |
The unpredictable, unfinalizable indeterminate nature of personal relationships. |
|
1. Spiraling Inversion 2. Segmentation |
What are two typical conversational strategies for responding to relational dialectics? |
|
What is spiraling inversion? |
Switching back and forth b/w two contrasting voices, responding first to one then the other. |
|
What is segmentation? |
A compartmentalizing tactic by which partners isolate difference aspect of their relationship. |
|
What is an aesthetic moment? |
A fleeting sense of unity through a profound respect for separate voices in dialogue. |
|
What is Bok's Principle of Veracity? |
Truthful statements are preferable to yes in the absence of special circumstances that overcome the negative weight. |
|
1. Acceptance 2. Rejection 3. Non-commitment
|
What are the three latitudes of Sherif's Social Judgment Theory? |
|
What is Social-Judgement Involvement? |
Perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes. |
|
What is contrast? |
A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of rejection as further from their anchor than they really are. |
|
What is assimilation? |
A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are. |
|
What is the boomerang effect? |
Attitude change in the opposite direction of what the message advocates. |
|
What is pluralistic ignorance? |
The mistaken idea that everyone else is doing or thinking something that they aren't. |