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6 Cards in this Set
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Dermatophytosis (ringworm) 1) Describe aetiology 2) Describe epidemiology 3) Describe clinical signs 4) Describe pathogenesis 5) Diagnosis 6) Treatment 7) Control/prevention |
1) Zoonotic. Affects value of animals. Trichophyton verrucosum (T. mentagrophytes). 2) Common, worldwide. All ages, most common 2-7m, autumn & winter, intensive management. -Spores survive for months/years -Transmitted by clinical cases, carrier animals, fomites -Incubation period 1w (up to 4w) -Self limiting, often 1-4m (up to 9m) 3) Non-pruritic, alopecic lesions, +/- stubble of broken hairs; raised lesions w/grey/white powdery surface +/- exudation; often roughlly circular or oval, 3-5cm; common sites calves (periorbital, ears, back) vs adults (thorax, limbs, udder). 4) Infection of keratin of hair & skin. Enzymes attack keratin of actively growing hair-breaks off . Inflammatory rxn (~mild). 5) Clinical signs. Can do microscopy, dermatophyte test medium culture (color change). Definitive dx: culture & ID. 6) Topical: Enilconazole (Imaverol) or hypochlorite spray (Bactoban 55). Systemic: Grisofulving in feed (not UK), sodium iodide 1g/14kg IV, repeat in 7d (toxicity). Ringvac vax. 7) Vaccination (Ringvac) vs. T. verrocosum-->use for prophylaxis or tx of infected animals (double dose). Disinfection-->clean w/high pressure water jets. Scrub w/hot detergents/disinfectants. Protective clothing, etc. |
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Pediculosis (lice) 1) Describe aetiology 2) Outline life cycle (4) 3) Describe epidemiology 4) Describe clinical signs (where vs what) 5) Diagnosis (& Ddx) 6) Treatment (2) 7) Control |
1) 2 types of lice. Biting lice-big head. Sucking lice-smaller head.
2) 3-6w, entirely on host, female lay eggs attach to hairs. Nymphs-->several moults-->adult. 3) Survival off host short, usually <1w -highest populations in cold months when coat long -low population when skin/coat temp high -survive summer in protected areas-ears, axillae, jowl, tail 4) Biting lice-neck, withers, tailhead -Sucking lice-more generalized: head, neck, withers, brisket, tail, axillae, groin. -Pruritis-->reduced feeding & poor weight gain, reduced milk yield. -Poor coat, alopecia, excoriation, dandruff. -Sucking lice-->anemia, reduced immunity. 5) Presence of lice & eggs (Ddx mange) 6) Treat all in-contact animals. Single treatment usually sufficient- re-treatment may be needed w/permethrin (sometimes deltamethrin & alphacypermethrin) -Pyrethroid pour-ons: deltamethrin (10 mL/animal; 8-10w protection); alphacypermethrin (10mL/animal); Permethrin (1mL/10kg; may need repeat in 4w). -Endectocides (also treat endoparasites): pour-on vs injection (not v. effective vs biting lice) 7) Treat all animals at housing. Also attention to general health, condition, nutrition of stock, etc. |
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Chorioptic mange
1) Describe aetiology 2) Epidemiology 3) Clinical signs (where vs what) 4) Diagnosis 5) Treatment/control (3) |
1) Choriopte bovis, surface mite. Life cycle 2-3w. Lives off epidermal debris.
2) Most common mange mite in UK (65%). V. limited survival off host. Transmission through direct contact. 3) i-limbs, tail, perineum, udder, scrotum, neck, & flanks. ii-papules & pruritis, self-trauma: excoriation, exudation, alopecia, crusts. 4) Hx, CE, skin scrapes 5) -Endectocide pour-on: Ivermectin-repeat in 2w; long acting-single tx. -Endectocide injection (does not eliminates chorioptes)-may be used when skin pathology severe to allow healing, then follow up w/pour-on product. -Permethrin pour-on: repeat in 4w. |
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Sarcoptic mange (scabies) 1) Describe aetiology (5) 2) Epidemiology (2) 3) Clinical signs (where vs what) 4) Diagnosis (4) 5) Treatment/control (2) |
1) Zoonotic. 30% UK mange. Sarcoptes scabei. Burrowing mite. Lifecycle 10-17d.
2) Any age/sex. Direct contact or fomites, survival off animal only few days. 3) i-head/neck lesions-->generalized ii-Intense pruritis, papular dermatitis, exudate, crusting; self trauma-excoriation, alopecia, thickening +/- 2ndary infections, +/- loss of condition, reduced milk. 4) Hx, CE, skin scrapes, +/- biopsy 5) i-Endectocide injection or pour-on: ivermectin-repeat in 2w. Long acting-single tx. Injection may be preferred when excess crusting/scabs. ii-Permethrin pour-on: repeat in 4w. |
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Photosensitization 1) Describe aetiology/pathogenesis (3) 2) Clinical signs (where vs what) 3) Diagnosis (2 & ddx) 4) Treatment (3) 5) Control (2) |
1) -Photodynamic agent in skin. Irradiation of photodynamic agent causes cell death in non-pigmented areas w/out much hair covering. Necrosis & sloughing of skin.
-Via circulation: Primary-defective metabolism (e.g. porphyria) vs. plant origin (e.g. St John's Wort). OR Secondary-Liver disease; failure to metabolize phylloerythrin (chlorophyll breakdown product); builds up in circulation (photodynamic). -Via contact: Psoralens in sap of ceertain plants. 2) i-Non-pigmented skin exposed to sun-head (muzzle/eyelids), neck, back, flanks, udder, & teats. ii-Erythema +/- vesicles, edema, necrosis-dry, sloughing & ulceration, pruritis, pain. 3) Clinical signs. 2ndary dz-jaundice, biochemical evidence of liver failure. *Muzzle/udder lesions-ddx: bluetongue. 4) Cool, shaded, fly-free housing; topical tx of lesions; antibiotics for 2ndary inf, CCS?, tx underlying dz-prognosis often poor. 5) i-control liver disease (fluke, ragwort, bog asphodel) ii-avoid toxic plants |
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Flies 1) Describe aetiology (2) 2) Clinical signs (5) 3) Treatment (7) 4) Control (biting & nuisance flies-2) 5) Control of summer mastitis (7) |
1) Non-biting spp (house flies, face flies, head flies) vs biting flies (horn flies, stable flies, horse flies, blackflies, louse fly).
2) *Non-biting: superficial skin damage, transmission of dz like IBK & mastitis. *Biting: multiple nodules, transmit dz-anthrax, Pasteurella, trypanosomosis. *Open wounds/lesions on the lower abdomen, udder, & teats can be caused by bites of flies (e.g. Haematobia irritans or Hydrotaea irritans). *Louse fly: fly worry & irritation, sucks blood from perineal & inguinal regions of cattle. *Blow fly strike (Lucilia sericata or Phormia terranovae): larval infestation of soiled skin especially in warm damp conditions; wounds (traumatic, castration, dehorning); soiled sheep fleeces. 3) -Manual removal of maggots. -Clean wounds thoroughly, avoid cytotoxic solutions. -Apply injectable ivermectin topically. -Apply fly repellent around wound to prevent re-infestation. -Continue daily care. -Systemic antibiotic & anti-inflammatory may be required. -Wounds are highly vascular & granulate rapidly if kept clean. *Warble fly larval infestation: notifiable in UK. 4) *Insecticide tx's: synthetic pyrethroid ear tags; pour on pyrethroid products. *Add'l methods may be used: baits, larvicides where large #s of flies breeding; keep manure dry, compact, covered, & away from animals; reduce food spillage/spoilage, reduce moisture in buildings; biological control; monitoring (e.g. fly traps). 5) *Synthetic pyrethroid ear tags/pour on products. *Spread in sebum, but little hair & few sebaceous glands on teats-use 2 ear tags, or more frequent or direct application of pour-on products. *Graze large open fields away from woods & streams. *Weekly tar/micropore tape application to teats. *Prevent teat lesions. *Dry cow tubes. -Treat cases w/penicillin (or tilmicosin) but permanent udder damage common. |