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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A fin part;
Bones at the base of fins; |
Pterygiophores
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Pterygiophores in which there are few and are proximal.
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Basal
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Pterygiophores in which there are more and are distal.
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Radials
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Basals and Radials represent the origin of ______.
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Girdles
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Type of fin ray present in sharks, which is composed of keratin.
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Ceratotrichia
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Type of fin ray which is potentially cartilaginized or ossified fibrous rings.
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Lepidotrichia
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Lepidotrichia are present from _________ to _________.
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bony fish;
Ichthyostega |
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Part of fin ray which is keratin at the tip of Lepidotrichia.
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Actinotrichia
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Fins primarily utilized in stability and propulsion
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Median Fins
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Type of median fins:
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Dorsal
Anal Adipose Caudal |
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Fins which function in maneuverability.
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Paired Fins
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In Gegenbauer's hypothesis, it is stated that _________ evolved from gill arches.
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Pectoral Girdle
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The hypothesis of Blafour and Thacker for fin development.
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Fin Fold Hypothesis
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The _______ girdles have some dermal elements while ______ girdles do not.
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Pectoral;
Pelvic |
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Fin rays form from modified _____ in many fishes.
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scales
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Hypothesis in which fins evolved from ostracoderms.
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Dermal Armor Hypothesis
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The Dermal Armor Hypothesis does not account for _________ elements of fins.
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endochondral
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Appeared in modern sharks, and joined fins across the center and is homologous to pectoral and pelvic girdles.
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Scapulocoracoid & Puboischiadic Bar
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The only unique evolution of limbs after origin of pectoral and pelvic limbs;
Found around mouth of manta rays; Derived from pects; Funnel food |
Cephalic Fins
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Pelvic Fins in chondrichthyes may help _____ and are modified into this intermittent organ in males.
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Steer;
Clasper |
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In _________, bones and muscle are mostly inside the body.
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Actinopterygii
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Action of ray fins:
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Steering & Stopping
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Contain fins which are all spine with a flap of skin;
Have no rays |
Acanthodians
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Pelvic fins which are behind the pects and are primitive.
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Abdominal Pelvics
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Pelvic fins which are directly under the pects;
Considered advanced and are in teleosts only |
Thoracic Pelvics
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Pelvic fins which are on the throat or chin and are considered the most advanced;
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Jugular
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Fins of Sarcopterygian fishes which posses bones in a single axis
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Archipterygial Fin
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Fins of Sarcopterygian fishes which posses bones on more than a single axis.
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Metapterygial Fin
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Tetrapods have the same arm and leg bones as __________.
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Eusthenopteron
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In tetrapods, the pelvic girdle splits from this single bone into these three bone.
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Basipterygium;
1. Pubis 2. Ilium 3. Ischium |
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In frogs, the pelvic girdle is modified into the ______.
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urostyle
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Tetrapods lose the _______ elements of the pectoral girdle.
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dermal
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Tetrapods neomorph at least one of these two bone.
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Coracoid
Posterior Coracoid |
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The development of manus and pes results from a limb bone splitting ________ and most is formed from the _______ element.
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distally;
postaxial |
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Postaxial elements which form most of the manus and pes.
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Ulna & Fibula
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Early tetrapods have _____ digits, which are fairly random
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6-9
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Extant amphibians have ___ digits in front and ____ in rear.
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4;
5 |
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Anthracosaurs have ___ digits.
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6
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Birds have ___ front digits and ___ back digits.
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3;
4 |
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Horses have ___ digits, but only __ fully developed.
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3;
1 |
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Cattle have ___ digits, but only ___ fully developed.
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4;
2 |
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Many fishes experience ____ loss which may or may not include loss of _____.
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limb;
girdles |
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Pelvic neomorph of a certain catfish.
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lateropterygium
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Pelvic neomorph of marsupials which helps support the pouch and is lost in placental mammals.
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Epipubic or Marsupial Bone
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Example of _______ rearrangement;
________ are the only craniate with the girdle medial to the rib cage. |
Pectoral;
Turtles |
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Posses the first three fingers which are fused and the remnant of a fourth.
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Birds
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Have elongated phalanges
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Bats
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Have a 4th finger which is thickened and elongated.
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Pterosaurs
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Only modern bird in which free fingers exist.
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Hoatzin
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Drug which if taken in a critical time of fetal development, results in severe abnormalities
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Thalidomide
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Abnormality involving seal-flipper arms;
Strange syndrome where the distal features of the limbs developed but limb lengthening did not occur. |
Phycomelia
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With thalidomide, all of AER is exposed to _____.
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FGF
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Muscles which stop motion:
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sphincters
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Provide electric sense;
Present in sharks, some catfishes, platypus |
Ampullae of Lorenzini
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_____ muscles have lots of ________.
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Red; Myoglobin
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_____ muscles have little ________.
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White; Myoglobin
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Muscles which move bone
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Somatic
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Muscles which are present around organs
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Visceral
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Two types of muscles classified based on control.
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Voluntary
Involuntary |
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From an embryology sense, three potential precursors for muscle:
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1. Mesenchyme
2. Hypomere 3. Paraxial Mesoderm |
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Muscle which is striated, has multinucleate cells which are long and is voluntary.
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Skeletal Muscle
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Muscle which is striated, cells are mononucleate and short and cells are attached via intercalated disks which pass charge.
Involuntary |
Cardiac
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Type of muscle containing mononucleate cells which are fusiform and not striated.
Cell form sheets which wrap around organs. Involuntary |
Smooth Muscle
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Muscle attachments which transfer force across great distances, which is less energetically costly than muscle.
Allow for finer motion. |
Tendons
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Muscles that do the opposite
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Antagonist
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Biceps and triceps are ______ muscles.
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antagonist
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Muscles that do the same thing
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Synergists
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In terms of strength, ______ fibers equals more strength.
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more
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______ has no effect on muscle strength.
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length
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Longer muscles contract ______.
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faster
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Muscle good for moving light loads short distances.
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Parallel
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Muscle which is stronger than parallel due to a large effective cross-sectional area
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Pinnate
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Muscle group associated with vertebral column and movement from side to side and up and down.
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Axial
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Splits axial muscles
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Horizontal Septum
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Dorsal axial muscles
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Epaxial Muscles
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Ventral axial muscles
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Hypaxial Muscles
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Muscle group associated with limbs and develop from axial.
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Appendicular
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Jaw musculature in which myotomes grow down and forward around the throat and gills.
Innervated by spinal nerves |
Hypobranchial
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Hypobranchial muscles are innervated by _______ nerves.
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spinal
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Jaw musculature which forms from somitomeres.
Innervated by cranial nerves. |
Branchiometric
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Branchiometric muscles are innervated by ______ nerves.
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cranial
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Incompletely separated somites that form in the head.
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Somitomeres
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Muscle group consisting of the obliques and rectus muscles.
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles
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The Extrinsic Eye Muscles form from ___________.
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preotic somitomeres
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The Extrinsic Eye Muscles are innervated by _______ nerves.
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cranial
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Tissue that will form muscle.
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Muscle anlagen
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The diaphragm is innervated by the _______ nerve.
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phrenic
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Step in the formation of muscles in which muscle anlagen move.
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Migration
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Step in the formation of muscles in which several muscles become one.
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Fusion
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Step in the formation of muscles in which one muscle becomes many.
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Split
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Jawless fishes possessed ______ muscle only.
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axial
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In Jawed Fishes, ______ muscle is predominant and in split into _______ and _______.
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Axial;
Epaxial; Hypaxial |
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In salamanders, the epaxial muscle is referred to as...
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dorsalis trunci
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In salamanders, the three layers of the hypaxial:
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1. External Oblique
2. Internal Oblique 3. Transversus |
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In frogs, ____ muscles are not used much due to jumping.
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axial
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In frogs, the ________ girdle and muscles act as shock absorbers.
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pectoral
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This is lost in lizards, snakes, and crocodiles.
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Horizontal Septum
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In lizards, snakes, and crocodiles, this plays a role in breathing and moving.
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Hypaxial
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In turtles, the ______ muscles are unimportant and the _________ is fused to the shell.
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axial;
vertebral column |
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Turtles are reliant on ___________ muscles.
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appendicular
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In turtles, ________ are involved in breathing.
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Intercostals (rib muscles)
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Dinosaurs most likely relied on _________ muscles because of their upright stance.
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appendicular
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The _____ muscles in birds are greatly reduced because of ______ vertebrae.
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axial;
fused |
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Flight muscle in birds
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Pectoralis
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Muscle of birds which keeps all flight muscles in the same place.
Gives us chicken fingers. |
Supracoracoideus
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___________ muscle in mammals is well developed for parasagittal gait and pillar-like limbs
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Appendicular
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Secondary aquatic animal which uses generalized reptilian musculature to bend side to side.
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Ichthyosaurs
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Secondary aquatic animal which uses mammalian axial musculature to bend up and down.
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Whale
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Secondary aquatic animal which has poorly developed axial muscles and fused vertebrae, and therefore uses appendicular muscles.
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Penguins
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Spring system which absorbs forces and results in more maneuverability to steer.
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Pectoral Sling
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Part of the Pectoral Sling which includes the trapezius and mastoid groups.
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Branchiometric
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Axial muscles which are part of the Pectoral Sling
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Levator Scapulae
Rhomboideus Complex Serratus Muscles |
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Dorsal Appendicular Muscles which are part of the pectoral sling.
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Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major and Minor Subscapularis Deltoids Triceps |
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Ventral Appendicular Muscles which are part of the pectoral sling.
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Supracoracoideus
Coracobranchialis Biceps |
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In mammals, muscles which are homologous to the Supracoracoideus
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Supra- and Infraspinatus
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Dorsal muscles of the pelvic girdle:
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Quadriceps
Sartorius Gluteus Complex Tensor Fascia Lata |
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Ventral muscles of the pelvic girdle:
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Caudofemoralis
Hamstrings |
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Muscles derived from the interhyoideus which fastens the skin and neck in mammals.
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Platysma
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X-linked disease that predominantly effects males due to a mutation in a gene for the protein dystrophin.
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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The maximum diameter oxygen can passively diffuse throughout its body if an organism was a sphere.
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0.5mm
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Areas for the respiratory system containing the gills
Mainly for aquatic respiration; |
Pharynx
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Areas for the respiratory system for cutaneous respiration.
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Skin
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The most useful respiratory structure to tetrapods and some fishes.
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Lung
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Many lungfish structures have evolved in fishes using various parts for the ________ ________.
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digestive tract
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Oxygen levels were low in the ___________ era.
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Cambrian
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Oxygen levels were much higher at the end of the __________ era.
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Cretaceous
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Today, oxygen is about ____ of the air.
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21%
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Oxygen levels are much ______ in water than air.
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lower
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Oxygen levels lower in the water than blood.
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Hypoxic
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Water in which no oxygen is present.
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Anoxic
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Gills have _______ to increase surface area.
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Lamellae
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Feathery projections on gill arches
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Lamellae
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An esophageal diverticulum
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Lung
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Means blind sac
An out-pocketing of another structure |
diverticulum
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A lung is an ____________ diverticulum.
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esophageal
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First fossil evidence of a lung;
A placoderm |
Bothriolepis
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Lungs are rare in the fossil record because they are _____.
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soft
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First to posses double, ventral diverticulum of esophagus
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Sarcopterygians
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Deform body to draw air in with negative pressure.
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Amniotes
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Then these contract in amniotes, the rib cage rotates forward and out to increase chest cavity.
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External Intercostals
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In mammals, this contracts to increase the thoracic cavity.
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Diaphragm
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Exhalation in amniotes is ________ during light activity.
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passive
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Exhalation in amniotes is ________ during high activity.
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active
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During passive exhalation, this returns the rib cage and diaphragm back.
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elastic recoil
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During active exhalation, these contract to return the rib cage
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Internal Intercostals
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The only fish with aspiration breathing
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Bichir
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In bichirs, these expand like the rib cage of amniotes to draw air in via aspiration.
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Ganoid Scale Jacket
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These have a respiratory surface which is usually simple with some folds.
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Fishes
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Other than in mammals, these are present in regards to respiratory surface and are small tubes.
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Faveoli
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Rather than faveoli, mammals posses these at the end of bronchioles.
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Alveoli
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In regards to respiration, birds have these.
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Air Sacs
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Bird respiration is a ______ stroke system.
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four
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Component of bird respiration which allows for gas transfer.
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Air Sacs
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These have a separate lung, which is rather small.
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Ostriches
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Phase of bird respiration in which air passes over surface of lungs while some is diverted into posterior air sacs.
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Inhalation 1
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Phase of bird respiration in which air from lungs exits body and oxygenated air from posterior sacs passes over respiratory surface.
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Exhalation 1
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Phase of bird respiration in which deoxygenated air from lungs enters anterior sacs and new oxygenated air pass over surface of lungs and fills posterior sacs.
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Inhalation 2
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Phase of bird respiration in which deoxygenated air exits from lungs and anterior sacs. Oxygenated air from posterior sacs passes over respiratory surface.
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Exhalation 2
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Present in many fishes, and derived from lungs.
Act as hydrostatic devices |
Swim Bladders
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Primitive swim bladder which retains the pneumatic duct to the esophagus.
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Physostomous Swim Bladder
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Fishes with these must retain access to the surface to fill their swim bladders.
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Physostomous Swim Bladder
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These have a Physostomous Swim Bladder
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Acipsenseriformes and Basal Teleosts
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Advanced swim bladder found in several teleosts;
Pneumatic duct to esophagus is lost; |
Physocleistous Swim Bladder
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The gas gland of Physocleistous Swim Bladders release this
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Lactic Acid
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Lactic acid release in Physocleistous Swim Bladders lowers the affinity of blood for gasses in the _____ ________.
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rete mirabile
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Accessory respiratory organ in Bettas and Gouramis which is located above the eyes and enables the uptake of oxygen from water surface.
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Labyrinth Organ
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In quadrupedal animals, the muscles that operate the _________ are also involved with breathing
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forelimbs
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______ and ______ are well correlated in active animals.
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Breathing;
Stride |
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Red blood cells;
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Erythrocytes
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Erythrocytes posses __________ for oxygen uptake
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hemoglobin
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Erythrocytes in mammals are __________.
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anucleate
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White blood cells;
Involved in immune response |
Leucocytes
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Clot formers of blood which are actually parts of cells
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Platelets
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The liquid portion of blood containing dissolved substances.
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Plasma
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Carry blood from the heart to body, gills and lungs.
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Arteries
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Arteries which are very elastic due to lots of elastic fibers.
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Large Vessels
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Arteries with not as many elastic fibers.
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Small Vessels
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Condition in which arteries lose elasticity, forcing smaller, non-elastic vessels to absorb forces.
Can lead to a stroke, heart attack and often death. |
Arterial Disease
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Take blood from the body or lungs to the heart.
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Veins
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Blood pressure in much _______ in veins.
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lower
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Veins which posses valves.
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Ascending Veins
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Veins without valves, which use gravity to assist draining.
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Descending Veins
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The smallest vessels;
Site of deposition and intake of blood products; |
Capillaries
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Capillaries undergo _______ and _______ control to constrict or dilate.
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nervous;
hormonal |
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Type of circulation possessed by all fishes except lungfishes.
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Single Circulation
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Type of pumping in which the heart pumps blood to the gills, then the body, and then back to the heart.
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Single Circulation
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Pumping possessed by lungfishes and tetrapods
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Double Circulation
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a division of labor between the left and right halves of the heart
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Double Circulation
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Arteries associated with gill arches
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Aortic Arches
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Ostracoderms have ___ Aortic Arches
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10
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Lampreys have ___ Aortic Arches
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8
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Hagfishes have ___ Aortic Arches
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15
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Sharks have ___ Aortic Arches
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10-12
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Flow in regards to getting oxygen involving aortic arches.
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Heart-->Afferent Branchials-->Collector Loop-->Efferent Branchials-->Dorsal Aorta-->Body
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Originally, this was and anterior extension of the ventral aorta;
Takes oxygenated blood to the head. |
External Carotid
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Aortic Arch ____ is usually lost or reduced.
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I
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Veins from the lungs
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Pulmonary Veins
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3 Parts of the Systemic System:
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Hepatic Portal
Renal Portal General Body Veins |
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Part of the Systemic System containing the liver, stomach and intestine
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Hepatic Portal
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Part of the Systemic System containing the kidneys and tail
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Renal Portal
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Embryo veins of the yolk sac
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Vitelline Veins
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The liver surrounds the Vitelline Veins to form ________.
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Hepatic Veins
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Embryo veins which are present in most fishes, but are lost or fused in tetrapods.
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Lateral Abdominal Veins
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Embryo veins from the digestive tract to the liver
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Hepatic Portal
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Embryo vein which originates in caudal vein and losses connection to form hepatic portal
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Subintestinal Vein
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Embryo vein which early on connects to the posterior cardinal vein but later losses this connection.
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Renal Portal
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________ force blood through primary filters.
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Portals
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The pump for the blood;
Has its origin as contractile vessels in Amphioxus |
Heart
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Originally the heart consisted of ___ chambers in hagfishes.
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3
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Most craniate hearts are based on ___ chambers.
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4
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Part of heart which is poorly muscularized and received blood from the body.
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Sinus Venosus
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Part of heart which is slightly more muscularized and pumps blood to the ventricle
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Atrium
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Part of heart which is the strongest.
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Ventricle
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Heart part which is present only in the embryo and forms one of two chambers.
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Bulbous Cordis
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The Bulbous Cordis becomes one of these two chambers as the heart develops:
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1. Conus Arteriosus
2. Bulbous Arteriosus |
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Potential development of Bulbous Cordis which is in all craniates except teleosts;
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Conus Arteriosus
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The Conus Arteriosus is lost in _________ during development.
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Amniotes
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Potential development of the Bulbous Cordis which is present in teleosts and absorbs the force of the heart.
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Bulbous Arteriosus
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Heart valve between the sinus venosus and atrium
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Sinoatrial
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Heart valve with between the atrium and ventricle
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Atrioventricular
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Heart valve with the conus arteriosus
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Conal Valves
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Heart valve within the Bulbous Arteriosus
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Bulbal Valve
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Valves are present mostly to prevent this.
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Retrograde Flows
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The pacemaker of the heart in mammals.
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Sintoatrial Node
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In mammals, modified cardiac muscle cells of the AV node that look like neurons
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Purkinje Fibers
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A change in heart rate in response to incoming blood
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Starling Reflex
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_______ hearts are meant to alleviate low blood pressure.
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Accessory
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In all fish, the SV is drained via aspiration by the _______.
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atrium
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Present in some lungfishes for better switching between aerial and aquatic respiration
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Incomplete Septum
|
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In turtle and squamate hearts, single chamber with three interconnected compartments.
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Ventricle
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In crocodilian hearts, this shunts blood from one side to the other.
|
Foramen of Panizza
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In bird hearts, the Conus Arteriosus splits to form trunks of _______ and _______.
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Pulmonary Artery;
Singe Aorta |
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In mammals, connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
|
Ductus Arteriosus
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