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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anterior
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horizontal longitudinal axis direction towards the head
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Posterior
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horizontal longitudinal axis of direction towards the tail
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Anterior synonym
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Cranial
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Posterior synonym
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caudal
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Ventral
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vertical toward the belly or the ground
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Dorsal
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vertical toward the back or up
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Medial
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horizontal direction towards the midline
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Lateral
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horizontal direction away from the midline
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Proximal
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position closer to the trunk or referenced structure
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Distal
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position further from the trunk or referenced structure
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Deep
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further from the body surface
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Superficial
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position closer to the body surface
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Sagittal plane
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A
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Frontal plane
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B
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Transverse plane
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C
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Phylogeny
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a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among a group of species
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systematics
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field of biology that attempts to describe the evolutionary history of life
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Classification
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hierarchical grouping
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taxa
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groups
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taxonomy
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practice of classification according to an accepted set of rules
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nomenclature
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practice of applying names to recognized groups
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dendrogram
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a depiction of a branching, tree-like pattern of common ancestors and their descendents
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2 basic forms of dendrogram
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1- phylogenetic tree
2- cladogram |
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phylogenetic tree
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shows pattern of common ancestry, including time and morphological divergence
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cladogram
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only shows pattern of common ancestry not time or morphological divergence
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branch
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a segment along the cladogram
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node
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point where 2 branches join
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clade
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group consisting of a common ancestor and all of it's descendants
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3 forms of groups on a phylogenetic tree
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1- monophyletic
2- paraphyletic 3- polyphyletic |
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monophyletic group
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considered to be a natural group, membership is determined only by the natural process of evolution
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paraphyletic group
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a group that consists of a common ancestor and some but not all of it's descendants
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polyphyletic group
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a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all it's members
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Cladistics
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aka - phylogenetic systematics, attempt to determine evolutionary relationships using only monophyletic groups or homology
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plesiomorphic characters
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characters that arose in the past w/ a common ancestor
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apomorphic characters
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characters that are derived or arise from a more recent ancestor
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homology
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character that is shared through descent
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symplesiomorphy
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ancestral homology, inherited from a distant common ancestor
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synapomorphy
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shared derived character, feature shared by 2 or more taxa that arose from a recent common ancestor
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analogy
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homoplasy, structural similarity that evolved independently
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traditional systematics
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self chosen characteristics w/ which to show evolutionary relationship
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Phenetics
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looked at as many characters as possible
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problem w/ phenetics
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takes both homology and analogy in hopes enough data would allow homology to out weigh analogy
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autapomorphy
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a type of apomorphy, character that is present in just one taxa, derived character
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sister groups
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taxon that is most closely related to your in group
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in group
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the group or species you want to figure out the evolutionary history for.
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out group
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all groups that are not your in group, includes the sister group
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step 1 for cladistics analysis
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select a taxa
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step 2 for cladistics analysis
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select an out group
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step 3 for cladistics analysis
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select characters for the analysis
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step 4 for cladistics analysis
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determine the polarity of the characters, what is ancestral and what is derived, use the out group to determine
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step 5 for cladistics analysis
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construct a data matrix
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step 6 for cladistics analysis
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count the number of shared derived characters
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parasimonias
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developing tree w/ the shortest length, least amount of steps and rejecting tree w/ more steps
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