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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most animals satisfy their energy requirements by oxidation of food materials, in the process forming __ and __ |
CO2 and H2O |
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The process of oxygen uptake and release of CO2 is known as ____ |
repiration |
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____ animals take up oxygen from small amount dissolved in water. |
Aquatic |
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____ animals take up oxygen from abundant supplies in air. |
Terrestrial |
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Most important process in the movement of oxygen from the external medium to the cells is ____ |
Diffusion: a process in which a substance moves from higher to lower concentration (result of aimless wandering and colliding of molecules) |
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____ (bulk movement or bulk flow) aids diffusion, but concentration gradients remain the fundamental driving force for moving respiratory gases. |
Convection |
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What is the composition of dry atmospheric air? |
Oxygen: 20.95% CO2: 0.04% Nitrogen: 78.08% Noble gases: 0.93% |
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The amount of gas dissolved in water depends on: |
1. its own partial pressure 2. its own solubility coefficient 3. solubility of gases decreases with increased temp. 4. solubility of gases decreases with increased solutes (dissolved particles) |
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The solubility of CO2 in water is ____ as high as that of O2 |
30x |
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____ organisms that rely on diffusion have large relative surface areas and short diffusion distances. They are flattened, threadlike, or have complex surfaces (corals and sponges) and thus can obtain enough oxygen by diffusion. |
Larger |
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oxygen content: greater oxygen content in __ than water__ |
air, water |
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____ is 800x more dense than ___. |
water, air |
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___ is 35x as viscous as ___ |
water, air |
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200,000 faster in __ than in ___ |
air, water |
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Evaporation high in ___. |
air. cavities help reduce water loss in terrestrial species, but cavities also limit access to air. |
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What is the transport of ___ and ___ to and from the gas-exchange membrane. |
External respiration (breathing), O2 and CO2 |
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Lungs |
invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium. |
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Externa gills |
evaginated from the body and project directly into the environmental medium. |
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Internal gills |
are evaginated from the body and project into a superficial body cavity, through which the environmental medium is pumped. |
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Tuft Gills |
- raised thinned area of general skin to plume-like structures (echinoderms and aquatic worms) ex. sea urchins and sea star (tube feet) |
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Filament Gills |
- series of feather-like structures that are supported by thin cuticle and have an elaborate flow system (aquatic arthropods and some vertebrates) ex. lungfishes, salamanders, decapod crab |
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Lamellar Gills |
- " ferrari of gills" (complex) flat platelets extending from a ventral strut (gill arch) with a specific orientation to flow (many crustaceans, elasmobranchs, mollusks, and teleost fishes) ex. teleost fish, elasmobranchs |
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Aquatic respiration: Increasing flow can be achieved by... |
1. moving gill through water (mayfly larvae, mudpuppy Necturus)
2. moving water over gill |
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Why do few animals move gill through water? |
Resistance increases with the square of linear velocity. Thus the mechanical strength needs to increase with square of velocity. |
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Moving water over the respiratoy surface is achieved by: |
1. cilia or flagella - gills of mussels and clams, ostia in sponges 2. mechanical pumps - fish and crabs 3. locomotion - pelagic fish like tuna and squid/octopus |
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Highly active swimmers have the ____ gill surface areas. |
largest |
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Countercurrent Flow |
the outflowing water has a tension far lower than the blood leaving the gill. (fishes, crabs and some mollusks) - this is important to put more O2 in blood from water |
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Ram ventilation |
generation of respiratory current by swimming with mouth (and opercular valves) open so that water can continuously flow over the gills. There is no visible breathing movements (pumping).
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which air breathing fish relies on both air and water breathing? |
Accessory air breathers - common eel |
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which air breathing fish relies exclusively on air breathing? |
Obligatory air breathers - electric eel |
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Diffusion Lungs |
air exchange with surrounding atmosphere takes place by diffusion only (small animals) es. pulmonate snails, scorpions, isopods |
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Ventilation lungs |
air exchange is aided by substantial and regular renewal of air (larger animals) - Pressure pump (amphibians, some reptiles) - Suction pump (most reptiles, birds and mammals) |
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Mammalian lung is finely divided up into small sacs, known as _____, that vastly increase surface area available for gas exchange |
aveoli - very thin membranes |
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Volume of air in passageways reduces the amount of fresh air that enter the lung. This is called ____ |
dead space |
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The amount of air brought into the lungs with each breath is called the ___ |
tidal volume |
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Birds do not have alveoli, but rather small tubes known as ____that permit through passage of air. |
parabronchi |
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In mammals and birds: ventilation of the lungs is adjusted by ____ concentration in the lungs and regulated by respiratory center of brain (medulla oblangata). |
CO2 |
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For most aquatic animals: the primary stimulus to respiration is ___ |
O2 |
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Some aquatic insects have ____, which are regions of the body covered with hydrophobic hairs that provide a nonwettable surface where air remains permanently. |
plastrons |
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Hemocyanin |
(2nd most abundant) found in mollusks and arthropods - Cu containing pigment; colorless when DO, bright blue when O ex. clams, crustaceans, spider |
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Hemerythrin |
found in brachiopods and worms - Fe containing pigment but without prophryn structure; colorless when DO, redish-violet when O |
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Chlorocuruorin |
found in marine worms (4 families) and simlar in structure to hemoglobin; greenish when DO, deep red (transmitted light) and greenish (reflected light) when O. |
