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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who are the offenders and what shall we do with them?
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The fundamental question(s) of corrections
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The church originally believed what?
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A sinner had to repay two debts (one to society and one to God)
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What was the main contribution of the medieval church to corrections?
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Concept of free will
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What was the church's substitution for a trial called?
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The "ordeal"
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What was the foundation of most western world legal codes, also known as the "codifying laws of nations"?
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The Hammurabic Code
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Who is the founder of the Classical School approach, and also responsible for proposing a reorientation of criminal law toward humanistic goals?
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Caesar Beccaria
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What were the main guidelines proposed in the essay by Caesar Beccaria?
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-Greatest good for the greatest number of people
-Crime is an injury to society -Prevention is more important than punishment |
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Which four of Caesar Beccaria's points were incorporated into the French Code of Criminal Procedure?
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-Innocent until proven guilty
-Right not to self incriminate -Right to employ counsel -Right to prompt and speedy trial, in most cases, trial by jury |
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What are four major developments in the last century in relation to corrections?
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-Abandonment of the Medical Model
-Shift to determinate sentencing -Intermediate punishment -Restorative justice |
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What are some criticisms of prisons?
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-Overcrowded
-Inefficient -Ineffective -Expensive |
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What is the the incarceration and disabling of high risk offenders for longer periods of incarceration to suppress further criminal behavior as a form of specific deterrence?
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Selective Incapacitation
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The extensive use of capital and corporal punishment during the Middle Ages reflected a belief that public punishment would deter potential wrongdoers is called?
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Deterrence
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Who eliminated the flat sentence, and developed a "mark system" whereby a convict could earn freedom by hard work and good behavior?
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Alexander Maconochie
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What is a period of confinement with specified minimum and maximum length, allowing a parole board to release the inmate when rehabilitation has been achieved?
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Indeterminate sentencing
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What was Maconochie's five principles?
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1. Release shouldn't be based on completion of a sentence, but on the completion of labor
2. The quantity of labor should be expressed in a number of "marks" 3. While in prison he should earn everything he receives 4. Work in association with a group, and be answerable for the conduct/labor of each member 5. Should be subject to a less rigorous discipline, and prepare for release |
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Who developed the Irish system?
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Sir Walter Crofton
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What was a prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn higher stages until released when penitence was achieved?
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Irish system
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What is a certificate issued by the warden certifying the offender has permission to leave the facility?
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Ticket-of-leave
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The term ticket-of-leave can best be translated to the modern term of?
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Parole
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What is considered getting even with the offender who has violated the rights of others and deserves to be punished; "just deserts"?
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Retribution
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What is referred to as preventing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly?
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General deterrence
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What is referred to as punishing individual offenders to prevent their further criminal behavior?
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Specific deterrence
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What deprives offenders of the ability to commit additional crime, usually through imprisonment?
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Incapacitation
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What is considered continued criminal activity following initial law-violating behavior?
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Recidivism
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What are emerging alternatives that promise relief from the pressures of prison overcrowding (more effective than court-ordered probation and less severe than long-term incarceration)?
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Intermediate punishments
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What is using treatment to restore an offender to levels of social functioning; seeking a change in behavior produced by providing treatment and services?
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Rehabilitation
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What is a judge-imposed fixed term of incarceration with the expectation the inmate will serve that amount of time?
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Determinate sentencing
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What is a relatively minor violation of the criminal law, usually punishable by no more than one year in confinement?
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Misdemeanor
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What is a serious criminal violation, sometimes punished by death or sentence of at least one year in prison?
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Felony
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What is a document prepared by the court probation officer, and investigates the offender's background for judicial determination of punishment?
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Pre-sentence report
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What (included in the Fourteenth Amendment) is a legal requirement that constitutional rights of the accused and correctional clients will conform to guaranteed constitutional protection minimums?
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Due process
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Which case under the Fourteenth Amendment held that defendants in noncapital cases are entitled to assistance of counsel at trial (right to counsel)?
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Gideon v. Wainwright
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What is referred to as a sentence that does not include confinement and the release of the offender to the community under supervision, based on good behavior?
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Probation
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Probation is a derivative of what? (That also mitigates punishment for an offender through judicial procedure)
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Suspended sentence
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How does a suspended sentence differ from probation?
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It does not require supervision, and it can be revoked
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Who is credited with being the parent of probation?
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John Augustus
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What is the purpose of probation?
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-Uses existing community resources to assist offenders in dealing with their problems
-Saves money -Avoids prisonization -Provides restitution -Keeps offender's family off welfare -Allows selective incapacitation |
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What is an increase in conditions that match the severity of the breach of conditions?
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Tourniquet sentencing
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