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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Counseling vs Psychotherapy
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Psychotherapy - Deep, dark, secretive, sexual, unconscious, pain, hidden, long-term, reconstructive
Guidance Advice, direction, on the surface, advocacy, support Counseling Short-term, facilitative, here-and-now, change, problem solving, being heard, awareness |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Counselors: General Characteristics |
Master’s Degree
Many settings and a variety of roles (i.e., school, college, rehabilitation, mental health, private, business and industry) Individual, group, family, administering assessments, career, supervision, psychological matters, guidance activities Coursework in professional orientation (i.e., ethics, human growth and development, career…) |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Counselors: CACREP Programs (7) |
School
Clinical mental health Marriage, couple, and family Addiction Career Student affairs College counseling |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Counselors: Subspecialty Areas |
School Counselors:
48 credit hours American School Counselor Association (ASCA) Clinical Mental Health Counselors 60 credit hours American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) Marriage, Couple, and Family Counselors 60 credit hours The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (AAMFT) |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Counselors: Subspecialty Areas |
Student Affairs and College Counselors
48 credit hours College Student Educators International (ACPA) American College Personnel Association American College Counseling Association (ACCA) Addiction Counselors 60 credit hours International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) Rehabilitation Counselors (CRC) Vocational evaluation, occupational analysis, medical and psychosocial aspects, disability, legal and ethical issues Certified Rehabilitation Counselors (CRC) Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) National Rehabilitation Counseling Association (NRCA) American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) Pastoral Counslors |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Social Workers: General Info |
Child welfare services, government-supported social services agencies, family service agencies, private practices, and hospitals
Certified Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW) Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) Professional Association National Association of Social Workers (NASW |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Psychologists: General Info |
Clinical Psychologists
APA accredited doctoral program Counseling Psychologists APA accredited doctoral program School Psychologists Master’s or Doctorate National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) |
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Comparison of Mental Health Professions
Psychologists: More Types (6) |
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses Expressive Therapists Human Service Practitioners Psychotherapists |
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Professional Associations in Social Services (8)
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The American Counseling Association (ACA)
The American Art Therapy Association (AATA) The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) The American Psychiatric Association (APA) The American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) The American Psychological Association (APA) The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) The National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) |
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Benefits of Joining a Professional Organization (8)
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National and Regional Conferences
Access to Malpractice Insurance Lobbyists to Protect the Interests of the Membership Newsletters and Journals Opportunities for Mentoring and Networking Information on Cutting-Edge Issues in the field Codes of Ethics and Standards for Practice Job Banks |
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What makes counseling effective? (4)
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Readiness for change
Psychological resources Social supports Counselor qualities (Working Alliance) |
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Counselor Qualities (Working Alliance)
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Empathy
Acceptance Genuineness Embracing a wellness perspective Cultural competence “It” Factor |
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Empathy
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Carl Rogers
Rapport Elicit Information Acceptance |
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Acceptance
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Unconditional Positive Regard
The ability to accept clients without strings attached |
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Genuiness
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Authentic
Open In touch with his/her feelings and thoughts Congruence |
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Indivisible Self Model (6)
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Creative Self
Coping Self Social Self Essential Self Physical Self Contexts |
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D’Andrea and Daniels’s (2005) RESPECTFUL Model
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R-Religious/spiritual identity
E-Economic class background S-Sexual identity P-Psychological development E-Ethnic/racial identity C-Chronological disposition T-Trauma and other threats to their personal well-being F-Family history U-Unique physical characteristics L-Language and location of residence, which may affect the helping process |
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ACA (2005) Ethical Guidelines for Competence (8)
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Practicing within one’s boundary of competence
Practicing only in one’s specialty areas Accepting employment only for positions for which one is qualified Monitoring one’s effectiveness Knowing when to consult with others Keeping current by attending continuing education activities Refraining from offering services when physically or emotionally impaired Assuring proper transfer of cases when one is incapacitated or leaves a practice |
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Cognitive Complexity of a Counselor (Deal, 2003)
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Deal (2003) describes such a counselor as a person who is a critical thinker who is good at examining problems from multiple perspectives and good at analyzing and evaluating situations.
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Graduates of Counseling Program Achieve Competency When... (4)
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Learned counseling strategies that work for a wide range of clients
Worked with clients from diverse backgrounds Gained a deep appreciation for diversity Acquired an identity as a counselor that includes a multicultural perspective |
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Consequences of Professional Incompetence
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“A professional who is not attending to his or her own needs is likely to be ineffective in the counseling relationship. Professional incompetence is not only unethical; it can lead to malpractice suits. But, perhaps even more importantly, impaired practice can result in our clients ending up with deeper wounds than the ones they had when they initially entered counseling."
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Personal therapy and related growth experiences (9)
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Counseling
Prayer/Meditation Relaxation Exercises Stress Reduction Discussion Support Groups Exercise Journaling Readings |
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The first counselors were leaders in the community who attempted to provide inspiration for others through their teachings:
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i. Moses (1200 B.C.)
ii. Mohammed (A.D. 600) iii. Buddha (500 B.C.) iv. Lao-Tzu (600 B.C.) v. Confucius (500 B.C.) vi. Socrates (450 B.C.) vii. Plato (400 B.C.) viii. Aristotle (350 B.C.) |
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Descartes
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Believed knowledge and truth come through deductive reasoning
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John Locke & James Mill
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Believed the mind is a blank slate upon which ideas become generated (also known as the term tabula rasa)
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Social Work: Historical Background (5 Major Points)
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The basis of social work can be traced back to the work with the poor and destitute in the U.S.
Mounting political pressure led to the creation of specialized institutions like: Reform schools, Lunatic asylums, Orphanages Two approaches evolved to assist the underprivileged who were NOT institutionalized: --- Charity Organization Society (COS) --- Settlement Movement (Hull House, Jane Adams) The 1st social work training programs arose around the turn of the 20th century Increased knowledge of family systems emerged in the 1940’s and 1950’s |
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Social Work: Historical Background:
Charity Organization Society (COS) |
Seen as the beginning of social casework
Volunteers would visit the poor to: 1. Educate children 2. Give economic advice 3. Assist in alleviating conditions of poverty |
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Social Work: Historical Background:
Settlement Movement |
i. Had staff that lived in the poor communities
ii. Staff believed in community action and persuading politicians to provide better services to the poor iii. Jane Adam established “Hull House” in 1889 in Chicago |
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Social Work: Historical Background:
Increased knowledge of family systems emerged in the 1940’s and 1950’s |
a. Virginia Satir was instrumental in moving mental health practices to a systems focus
b. In 1955 the National Association for Social Work (NASW) was created c. In 1965 the NASW established the Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW) i. Sets the standards of practice for masters level social workers |
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Social Work's influence on counseling profession (3)
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1. Emphasis on systems provided counseling with an understanding of the individual from the family and social system perspective
2. Field experience 3. Focus on social justice and advocacy |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Hippocrates |
Offered notions on how to treat mental illness
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Psychology: Historical Background
Plato |
Suggested introspection and reflection were roads to knowledge
Dreams and fantasies were substitute satisfactions The human condition had physical, moral and spiritual origins |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Aristotle |
Considered the 1st psychologist because he used objectivity and reason to study knowledge
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Psychology: Historical Background
Auguestine & Thomas Aquinas |
Emphasized the importance of consciousness, self-examination and inquiry
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Psychology: Historical Background
William Wundt & Sir Francis Galton |
First experimental psychologists
Developed labs to examine similarities and differences in responses by individuals to sensory experiments Attempted to understand how responses to external stimuli were related to the workings of the mind |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Stanley Hall & James Cattell |
Opened the first labs in the US at Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania
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Psychology: Historical Background
William James |
Published his theory called Philosophical Pragmatism
Suggested that truth or reality is continually constructed as a function of the utility or practical purpose that it has for the individual who holds the reality |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Alfred Binet |
Developed one of the 1st intelligence tests:
--- It assisted in classroom placement for children who were mentally retarded |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Sigmund Freud |
The father of psychoanalysis
The 1st comprehensive psychotherapeutic system Greatly influenced by Anton Mesmer (from whom we get the term “mesmerize” and Jean Martin Charcot who was the 1st to use hypnosis |
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Psychology: Historical Background
Ivan Pavlov |
Experimented with Classical Conditioning
Developed Behaviorism De-emphasized the importance of introspection Stressed the importance of stimulus-response and environmental influences |
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Psychology: Historical Background
3 Ground-breaking |
Phenomenological psychology
Existential psychology: Stressed the nature of existence and the study of reality Gestalt psychology: Tried to answer questions about how individuals organize experience into reality |
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Psychology's Influence on Counseling Profession
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Tests developed by psychologists at the turn of the 20th century were used by the early vocational guidance counselors
Many modern day counseling skills are adaptations from counseling skills developed by psychologists |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Philippe Pinel |
a. Founder of psychiatry
b. 1st to view insanity from a scientific perspective c. Removed the chains from bound inmates at mental hospitals d. One of the 1st attempts to treat inmates humanely |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Emil Kraepelin |
Developed one of the 1st classifications of mental diseases
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Jean Martin Charcot |
Saw a relationship between certain psychological states and disorders that were formally considered to be entirely organic
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Benjamin Rush |
The founder of American psychiatry
Appealed for humane treatment of the poor and mentally ill Wrote "Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind" i. Published in 1812 ii. Became the seminal text in psychiatry for the next 70 years |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Dorothea Dix |
a. Advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
b. Suggested the following as treatments: i. Supportive care ii. Encouragement iii. Respect iv. Removal from stressors v. Vocational training |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (1844) |
Forerunner for the American Psychiatric Association
Sought for the improvement of: • Diagnosis • Care • Humane treatment of the mentally ill Developed standards for mental hospitals |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
Donaldson v. O’Connor |
Kenneth Donaldson was confined, against his will for 15 years in a mental hospital in Florida
He sued the hospital superintendent and the staff for depriving him of his constitutional right to liberty He won the lawsuit which led to the release of thousands of people who had been confined to mental hospitals against their will that were not a threat to themselves or others |
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Psychiatry: Historical Background
DSM-I |
Developed by the APA (1950s)
The purpose is to have a uniform criteria for making diagnoses and enhancing agreement among clinicians |
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Psychiatry's contributions to counseling profession
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Focus in psychiatry on diagnosing mental illness
Exploring psychopathology has assisted counselors in the diagnoses and creation of treatment plans for clients. |
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Social Reform Movements of the 1800’s
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John Dewey (1859-1952)
Insisted on more humanistic teaching methods and access to public education This paved the way for the origins of the vocational guidance movement |
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Vocational Guidance in the 1800’s
Needs for vocational guidance (3) |
• Rise of social reform movements
• Impact of the industrial revolution • Increase in immigration to large northeastern cities |
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The Beginnings of the Testing Movement: Turn of the 20th Century
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Alfred Binet developed the 1st intelligence test in 1896 which signified the beginning of measurement instruments being used on a large-scale.
Many of these assessments will be employed in vocational counseling and earmark the beginning of the counseling profession. |
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Psychoanalysis and the Development of Psychotherapy: Turn of the 20th Century
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Many began to challenge the notion that mental illness was caused by demons and a consensus evolved that some emotional problems were caused by unconscious psychological factors.
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Early Vocational Guidance and the 1st Guidance Counselors: Early 1900’s
Jesse Davis |
Developed one of the 1st guidance curricula that focused on moral and vocational guidance
Presented it in English classes in schools in Grand Rapids, Michigan |
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Early Vocational Guidance and the 1st Guidance Counselors: Early 1900’s
Eli Weaver (1862-1922) |
1. Wrote a booklet called Choosing a Career
2. Began the vocational guidance in New York |
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Early Vocational Guidance and the 1st Guidance Counselors: Early 1900’s
Anna Reed (1871-1946) |
Established guidance services in the Seattle school system
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Early Vocational Guidance and the 1st Guidance Counselors: Early 1900’s
Frank Parsons (1854-1908) |
1. The father of vocational guidance in America
2. Established the Vocational Bureau a. Assisted individuals in: i. Choosing an occupation ii. Preparation for that occupation iii. Building a career of efficiency and success 3. His book Choosing a Vocation was published posthumously in 1909 4. Boston (his hometown) became the site for the 1st vocational guidance conference a. Resulted in the founding of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) in 1913 i. Predecessor to the American Counseling Association (ACA) Noted the importance of having an expert guide when making difficult life decisions Offered the beginning of the theoretical orientation of counseling |
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Parsons divided Vocational Guidance into 3 part process
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a. Clear understanding of self, your aptitudes, interests, ambitions, resources, limitations and their causes
b. Knowledge of the requirements and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities and prospects in different lines of work c. True reasoning on the relations of these two groups of facts |
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The Wagner O’Day Act of 1932
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1. Established the US Employment Services
a. Provided ongoing vocational guidance and placement to all unemployed Americans |
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John Brewer
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1. Suggested that guidance counselors (now school counselors) should be involved with:
a. Adjustment counseling b. Assistance with curriculum planning c. Classroom management d. Occupational guidance |
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The Expansion of the Testing Movement: 1900-1950 (4)
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i. Parsons strongly encouraged the use of testing in vocational guidance
ii. The Army Alpha 1.Used during WWI to determine placement of recruits iii. The Strong Vocational Interest Bank 1. One of the 1st major interest inventories iv. Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet 1. Early personality instrument used by the military to rule out the emotionally disturbed |
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The Spread of Psychotherapy and its Impact on the Counseling Profession: 1900-1950
Clifford Beers (1876-1943) |
1. Wrote A Mind that Found Itself
2. Helped to establish the National Committee for Mental Hygiene in 1909 a. Lobbied congress to pass laws that would improve deplorable conditions in mental institutions b. Helped organize the 1st child guidance clinics |
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The Spread of Psychotherapy and its Impact on the Counseling Profession: 1900-1950
E. G. Williamson (1900-1979) |
1. Developed the 1st comprehensive theory of counseling (non-vocational)
2. Called the Minnesota Point of View or Trait-and-Factor Theory |
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E. G. Williamson (1900-1979)
5 Steps of Minnesota Point of View or Trait-and-Factor Theory |
i. Analysis
1.Examining the problem and obtaining available records and testing on the client ii. Synthesis 1. Summarizing and organizing the information to understand the problem iii. Diagnosis 1. Interpreting the problem iv. Counseling 1. Aiding the individual in finding solutions v. Follow-Up 1. Assuring proper support after counseling had ended |
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The Spread of Psychotherapy and its Impact on the Counseling Profession: 1900-1950
Carl Rogers |
1. Revolutionized counseling with his client-centered approach
2. His nondirective approach to working with clients was viewed as more: (as compared to psychoanalytic approaches) a. Short-term b. Humane c. Honest d. Viable 3. Published Counseling and Psychotherapy a. Had a major impact on the counseling profession |
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4/8 Factors that lead to Counseling in the 1950s
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i. During the 1950’s, the counseling profession shifted increasingly toward a humanistic, nondirective orientation.
ii. Rogers published his 2nd book Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory iii. Developmental theories arose during this time in the areas of: 1. Career 2. Child development 3. Lifespan development iv. These theories stressed the notion that individuals would face predictable tasks as they passed through inevitable developmental stages of life and that knowledge of these developmental stages could greatly aid counselors in their work with clients. |
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8/8 Factors that lead to Counseling in the 1950s
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v. Launch of Sputnik (1957)
1. The world’s 1st artificial satellite launched by the Russians 2. Began the “Space Race” between the US and Russia 3. Served as the impetus for congress passing the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958 a. Allocated funds for training institutes that would quickly graduate secondary school counselors i. The hope was that these counselors would identify students gifted in math and science who could be future scientists vi. 1st full time college counselors and college counseling centers emerged in the 1950’s vii. Antipsychotic, antidepressant and antianxiety medicines were developed as well as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) which prompted the release of large numbers of people from state hospitals who needed services at local community agencies viii. Many counseling related associations and divisions were formed |
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Increased diversification: 1960s
6 New Approaches to counseling |
1. Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive approach
2. Bandura, Wolpe and Krumbolz’s behavior therapy 3. William Glasser’s reality therapy 4. Fritz Perls’ Gestalt approach 5. Berne’s transactional analysis 6. Frankl and May’s existential approaches |
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Increased diversification: 1960s
Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 1. Funded nationwide establishment of mental health centers to provide... (5) |
a. Short-term inpatient care
b. Outpatient care c. Partial hospitalization d. Emergency services e. Consultation and education services |
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Increased diversification: 1960s
Many other acts were passed providing job opportunities for counselors and helped reshape attitudes toward social problems and community service such as (8): |
1. Manpower Development and Training Act
2. Job Corps 3. Elementary and Secondary Education Act 4. Head Start 5. Work Incentive Program 6. Civil Rights Act 7. Economic Opportunity Act 8. Voting Rights Act |
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Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: The 1970’s
Donaldson v. O’Connor 1975 |
1. Led to the de-institutionalization of state mental hospital patients
2. Decision stated that individuals could not be held against their will unless they were at risk of harming themselves or others |
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Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: The 1970’s
1975 expansion to the Community Mental Health Centers Act |
Extended from 5 to 12 the categories of services that mental health centers were required to provide:
a. Short-term inpatient services b. Outpatient services c. Partial hospitalization (day treatment) d. Emergency services e. Consultation and education f. Special services for children g. Special services for the elderly h. Pre-institutional court screening i. Follow-up care for mental hospitals j. Transitional care from mental hospitals k. Alcoholism services l. Drug services |
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Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: The 1970’s
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 |
Assured vocational rehabilitation services and counseling for employable adults who had severe physical or mental disabilities
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Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: The 1970’s
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 |
1. Assured the right to an education within the least restrictive environment for all children identified as having a disability that interfered with learning
a. Resulted in school counselors becoming an integral part of the team that would determine the disposition of students with disabilities |
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Microskills Training
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Based on skills deemed critical by Rogers and other humanists
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Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: The 1970’s
More divisions of ACA were founded (5) |
1. Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)
2. Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) 3. Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) 4. International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) 5. American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) |
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Recent Changes in the Field: 1980-2000
Major Points i,ii,iii (3/6) |
i. The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) was formed in 1981.
1. Accreditation body for the counseling profession ii. The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) was founded in 1982 1. Established the first national certification exam for counselors iii. The International Association for Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) began offering certification for family therapists in 1994 |
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Recent Changes in the Field: 1980-2000
Major Points iv, v, vi (6/6) |
v. In 1992 APGA became known as the American Counseling Association (ACA)
vi. New divisons of ACA were founded in the 80’s and 90’s: 1. The Association for Counselors and Educators in Government (ACEG) 2. The Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA) 3. The Association for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Counseling (AGLBIC) 4. The American College Counseling Association (ACCA) |
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The New Millennium: 2000 and On
7 Main Developments (1-4) |
i. Certification and Licensure
1. State licensure has been approved in all 50 states and Puerto Rico and D.C. 2. NBCC offers specialty certifications in: a. School counseling b. Addictions counseling c. Clinical mental health counseling ii. Division Expansion and Division Independence 1. Two new divisions to ACA: a. The Association of Creativity in Counseling b. Counselors for Social Justice 2. ASCA developed the National Model a. Increases the focus of the school counselor on student learning iii. Evidence-Based Practice iv. Multicultural Counseling |
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The New Millennium: 2000 and On
7 Main Developments (5-7) |
v. Social Justice Advocacy
1. ACA endorsed advocacy competencies in 2003 which speak to 3 levels of advocacy: a. Client/student b. School/community c. Public arena vi. Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training vii. Changes in Ethical Guidelines 1. Increased restrictions on sexual and romantic relationships 2. More information on end-of-life care 3. Guidelines for the use of technology 4. Rights of confidentiality for deceased clients 5. Dual and multiple relationships |
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20/20 Vision (2010)
7 goals |
a. The importance of sharing a common professional identity
b. Presenting ourselves as a unified profession has multiple benefits c. Working together to improve the public perception of counseling and to advocate for professional issues will strengthen the profession d. Creating a portability system for licensure will benefit counselors and strengthen the profession e. Expanding and promoting our research base is essential to the efficacy of the profession f. Focusing on students and prospective students is necessary to ensure the ongoing health of the counseling profession g. Promoting client welfare and advocating for the populations we serve is a primary focus of the counseling profession |
