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246 Cards in this Set
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Electronic commerce (e-commerce, EC)
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describes the buying, selling, transferring or exchanging of products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet.
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E-business
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is a broader definition of EC, including buying and selling of goods and services, and also servicing customers, collaborating with partners, conducting e-learning and conducting electronic transactions within an organization.
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Pure vs. Partial EC
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The product can be physical or digital. The process can be physical or digital. The delivery agent can be physical or digital.
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Brick-and-mortar
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organizations are purely physical organizations.
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Virtual organizations
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are companies that are engaged only in EC. (Also called pure play)
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Click-and-mortar
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organizations are those that conduct some e-commerce activities, yet their business is primarily done in the physical world. i.e. partial EC.
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Business-to-consumer (B2C)
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the sellers are organizations and the buyers are individuals.
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Business-to-business (B2B)
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both the sellers and buyers are business organizations. B2B represents the vast majority of e-commerce.
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Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
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an individual sells products or services to other individuals.
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Business-to-employee (B2E)
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An organization uses e-commerce internally to provide information and services to its employees. Companies allow employees to manage their benefits, take training classes electronically; buy discounted insurance, travel packages, and event tickets.
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E-Government
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the use of Internet Technology in general and e-commerce in particular to deliver information about public services to citizens (called Government-to-citizen [G2C EC]), business partners and suppliers (called government-to-business [G2B EC]),
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Mobile Commerce (m-commerce)
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refers to e-commerce that is conducted in a wireless environment. For example, using cell phone to shop over the Internet.
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Online direct marketing
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manufacturers or retailers sell directly to customers.
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Electronic tendering system
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businesses (or governments) request quotes from suppliers; uses B2B (or G2B) with reverse auctions.
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Name-your-own-price
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customers decide how much they want to pay.
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Find-the-best-price
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customers specify a need and an intermediary compares providers and shows the lowest price.
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Affiliate marketing
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Vendors ask partners to place logos or banners on partner’s site. If customers click on logo, go to vendor’s site, and buy, then vendor pays commission to partners.
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Viral marketing
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receivers send information about your product to their friends.
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Group purchasing
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small buyers aggregate demand to get a large volume; then the group conducts tendering or negotiates a lower price.
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Online auctions
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companies run auctions of various types on the Internet.
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Product customization
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customers use the Internet to self-configure products or services. Sellers then price them and fulfill them quickly.
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Deep discounters
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company offers deep price discounts.
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Membership
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only members can use the services provided.
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Bartering online
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an intermediary administers online exchange of surplus products, and/or company receives “points” for its contribution, and the points can be used to purchase other needed items.
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An auction
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is a competitive process in which either a seller solicits consecutive bids from buyers or a buyer solicits consecutive bids from sellers.
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Sellers use a forward auction
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as a channel to many potential buyers.
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reverse auctions
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one buyer, usually an organization, wants to buy a product or a service. The buyer posts a request for quotation (RFQ) on its Web site or on a third-party Web site. The RFQ contains detailed information on the desired purchase. Suppliers study the RFQ and submit bids, and the lowest bid wins the auction.
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Online service
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involves customers accessing services via the Web.
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disintermediation
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When the function(s) of these intermediaries can be automated or eliminated, this process is called.
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Cyberbanking
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involves conducting banking activities from home, a place of business, or on the road instead of at a physical bank location.
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Virtual banks
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are dedicated only to Internet transactions.
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Channel conflict
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occurs when manufacturers disintermediate their channel partners, such as distributors, retailers, dealers, and sales representatives, by selling their products directly to consumers, usually over the Internet through electronic commerce.
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Multichanneling
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is a process in which a company integrates its offline and online channels.
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Order fulfillment
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involves finding the product to be shipped; packaging the product; arrange for speedy delivery to the customer; and handle the return of unwanted or defective products.
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Banners
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are simply electronic billboards.
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Pop-up ad
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appears in front of the current browser window.
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Pop-under ad
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appears underneath the active window.
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Permission marketing
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asks consumers to give their permission to voluntarily accept online advertising and e-mail.
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Viral marketing
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refers to online “word-of-mouth” marketing.
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StumbleUpon
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is a web browser plugin that allows its users to discover and rate webpages, photos, videos, and news articles.
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Broadcaster
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is a video entertainment community and live webcam social network. The site allows users to create personal profiles, post pictures, upload videos, and chat with the site's other users through a live webcam chat feature.
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sell-side marketplace
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organizations sell their products or services to other organizations Electronically from their own Web site and/or from a third-party Web site. This model is similar to the B2C model in which the buyer comes to the seller’s site, views catalogs, and places an order. In the B2B sell-side marketplace, the buyers are organizations.
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The buy-side marketplace
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is a model in which organizations buy needed products and services from other organizations electronically.
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Exchanges
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have many buyers and many sellers.
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Vertical exchanges
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connect buyers and sellers in a given industry.
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Horizontal exchanges
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connect buyers and sellers across many industries and are used mainly for MRO materials.
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In functional exchanges
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needed services such as temporary help or extra office space are traded on an “as-needed” basis.
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Electronic checks (e-checks)
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are similar to paper checks and are used mostly in B2B.
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Electronic credit cards
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allow customers to charge online payments to their credit card account.
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Purchasing cards
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are the B2B equivalent of electronic credit cards and are typically used for unplanned B2B purchases.
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Stored-value money cards
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allow you to store a fixed amount of prepaid money and then spend it as necessary.
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Smart cards
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contain a chip called a microprocessor that can store a considerable amount of information and are multipurpose – can be used as a debit card, credit card or a stored-value money card.
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Person-to-person payments
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are a form of e-cash that enables two individuals or an individual and a business to transfer funds without using a credit card.
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Privacy
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ecommerce provides opportunities for businesses and employers to track individual activities on the WWW using cookies or special spyware. This allows private/personal information to be tracked, compiled, and stored as an individual profile. This profile can be used or sold to other businesses for target marketing or by employees to aide in personnel management decisions (i.e., promotions, raises, layoffs).
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Disintermediation
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middlemen or intermediaries (1) provide information, and (2) perform value-added services such as consulting. The first function can be fully automated, and the second can be partially automated through e-marketplaces and portals for free thereby causing job loss among intermediaries.
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Domain Tasting
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is a practice of registrants using the five-day "grace period" at the beginning of a domain registration to profit from pay-per-click advertising.
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Cybersquatting
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refers to the practice of registering domain names solely for the purpose of selling them later at a higher price.
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Taxes and other Fees
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when and where (and in some cases whether) electronic sellers should pay business license taxes, franchise fees, gross-receipts taxes, excise taxes, …etc.
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Copyright
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protecting intellectual property in e-commerce and enforcing copyright laws is extremely difficult.
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Wireless devices
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are small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other devices.
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The wireless application protocol (WAP)
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is the standard that enables wireless devices to access Web-based information and services.
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Microbrowsers
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which are Internet browsers with a small file size that can work within the confines of small screen sizes on wireless devices and the relatively low bandwidths of wireless networks.
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Microwave transmission systems
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re widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication. Point-to-point has two characteristics: first, the transmitter and receiver must be in view of each other (called line-of-sight); and second, the transmission itself must be tightly directed from transmitter to receiver.
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Satellite transmission
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systems make use of communication satellites; three types of satellites, each in a different orbit:
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Geostationary (GEO)
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orbits 22,300 miles directly above the equator and maintains a relatively fixed position in relation to a dish on earth; excellent for TV signals.
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Medium-earth-orbit (MEO)
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are located 6,000 miles above the earth’s surface and move; used for the GPS system.
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Low-earth-orbit (LEO)
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are 400 to 700 miles above the surface, so they move much faster with respect to a point on the earth’s surface; require many to cover the earth.
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Global Positioning System
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a wireless system that uses MEO satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth.
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Internet over satellite
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allows users to access the Internet via GEO satellites from a dish mounted on the side of their homes.
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Radio transmission
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uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers.
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Satellite radio (digital radio)
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offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to your radio from space. XM satellite radio and Sirius have agreed to merge as of mid-2007.
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Infrared
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light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes; common uses are in remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players.
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Short-range wireless networks
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generally have a range of 100 feet or less.
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Medium-range wireless networks
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are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs). The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).
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Wide-area wireless networks
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connect users to each other and to the Internet over geographically dispersed distances.
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Bluetooth
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Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second.
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Ultra-wideband
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high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second.
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Near-field Communications
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shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.
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Near-field communications (NFC)
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is the enabling technology behind (a) contactless payments with credit cards and (b) the substitution of a cell phone for a credit card (the wave of the future).
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Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
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used in wireless local area networks
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Wireless access point
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a transmitter with an antenna
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Hotspot
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a geographical perimeter with in which a wireless access point provides wireless access for users
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Wireless network interface card
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enables mobile devices to communicate wirelessly.
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Wireless mesh networks
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use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide-area network that can be very large.
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Cellular Radio
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use radio waves to provide two-way communication
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1st Generation
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analog signals and low bandwidth
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2nd Generation
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digital signals for voice and data communication up to 10 Kbps
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2.5 Generation
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digital voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps
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3rd Generation
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digital voice and data communication up to 384 Kbps when device is moving at walking pace; 128 Kbps when moving in car; and 2Mbps when device is stationary
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Wireless Broadband or WiMax
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access range up to 31 miles and data-transfer rate up to 75 Mbps
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distributed antenna system
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where relatively low-power antennas are place throughout the facility, rather than having a few high-powered antennas.
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Mobile computing
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refers to real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet and an intranet.
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Mobility
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users carry a mobile device and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be.
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Broad reach
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users can be reached instantly when they carry an open mobile device.
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Ubiquity
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mobile device can provide information and communications regardless of user’s location.
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Convenience and Instant Connectivity
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Internet-enabled mobile device makes it easy and fast to access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing a call.
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Personalization
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information can be customized and sent to individual consumers (e.g., as a short message service).
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Localization of products and services
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knowing a user’s location helps companies advertise their products and services.
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Mobile commerce
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refers to electronic commerce transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet.
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Financial Services
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include banking, wireless payments, micropayments, wireless wallets, bill-payment services, brokerage services, and money transfers.
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Mobile Banking
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Many banks now offer access to financial & account information, the ability to transfer funds, and receive alerts on digital cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs.
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Wireless Electronic Payment Systems
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these systems transfer mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network.
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Micropayments
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electronic payments for small purchase amounts (generally less than $10).
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Mobile (Wireless) Wallets
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technologies that allow cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices.
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Wireless Bill Payments
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Services provided by banking institutions that allow customers to pay their bills directly from their cell phones.
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Mobile Portal
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aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users that include news, sports, email, entertainment, travel and restaurant information; community services; and stock trading.
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Voice Portal
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is a Web site with an audio interface and can also be accessed through a standard phone or cell phone.
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Shopping from Wireless Devices
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online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices.
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Location-based Advertising
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is when marketers know the current locations and preferences of mobile users, they can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices about nearby shops, malls and restaurants.
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Location-based Services
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provide information to customers about local services and conditions via cell phones.
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Telemedicine
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is the use of modern telecommunications and information technologies to provide clinical care to individuals located at a distance and for the transmission of information to provide that care.
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Telemetry
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is the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors.
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LiveNet
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is a flexible distributed mobile system that can be used for a variety of proactive healthcare applications. The LiveNet system allows people to receive real-time feedback from their continuously monitored and analyzed health state, as well as communicate health information with care-givers and other members of an individual's social network for support and interaction.
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Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing)
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is invisible “everywhere computing” that is embedded in the objects around us – the floors, the lights, our cars, washing machine, microwave oven, cell phones, clothes, and so on. (e.g., smart home, smart appliances)
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Radio frequency identification (RFID)
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technology allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
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are networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors that are placed into the physical environment.
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Rogue access point
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is an unauthorized access point to a wireless network.
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War driving
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is the act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere.
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Eavesdropping
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refers to efforts by unauthorized users to try to access data traveling over wireless networks.
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RF (Radio frequency) jamming
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is when a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions.
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Transaction processing system (TPS)
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monitors, collects, stores and processes data generated from all business transactions.
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Batch Processing
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is when the firm collects data from transactions as they occur, placing them in groups or batches, then prepares and processes the batches periodically (say, every night).
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Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
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is when business transactions are processed online as soon as they occur.
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Source data automation
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involves collecting data from sensors (e.g., barcode scanners) and entering the data directly into a computer without human intervention.
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Functional area information systems
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provide information mainly to lower- and middle-level managers in the functional areas via a variety of reports.
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Summary reports
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provide summarized information, with less detail.
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Detailed reports
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provide high levels of detailed data, often in support of summary reports.
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A drill-down report
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allows users to click on an item in a report and be able to access underlying details about that item.
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A key indicator report
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summarizes the performance of critical activities.
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Exception reports
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include only information that falls outside certain threshold standards.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems
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integrate the planning, management and use of all resources of the organization. That is, ERP systems are designed to break down the information silos of an organization.
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information silos
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Many information systems were developed for specific functional areas and did not communicate with systems in other functional areas. Therefore, these systems are referred to as….
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Customer relationship management (CRM)
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is an enterprisewide effort to acquire and retain customers.
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The customer life cycle
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engage, transact, fulfill, and support.
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The customer life cycle
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is a term used to describe the progression of steps a customer goes through when considering, purchasing, using, and maintaining loyalty to a product or service.
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The value of a customer
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to a company depends on three dimensions: the duration of the relationship, the number of relationships (e.g., the number of products from a company that a customer purchases), and the profitability of the relationship.
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A customer touch point
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is a method of interaction with a customer, such as telephone, e-mail, a customer service or help desk, conventional mail, Web site and store.
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Sales force automation (SFA)
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functions provide such data as sales prospect and contact information, product information, product configurations and sales quotes.
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Cross-selling
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is the marketing of complementary products to customers.
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Up-selling
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is the marketing of higher-value products or services to customers.
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Bundling
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is a type of cross-selling in which a vendor sells a combination of products together at a lower price than the combined costs of the individual products.
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Supply chain
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refers to the flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers, through factories and warehouses, to the end customers.
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Supply chain management (SCM)
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is the function of planning, organizing and optimizing the supply chain’s activities.
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Interorganizational information system (IOS
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involves information flows among two or more organizations.
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Global information systems
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are interorganizational information systems that connect companies located in two or more countries.
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Upstream
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where sourcing or procurement from external suppliers occurs.
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Internal
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where packaging, assembly or manufacturing takes place.
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Downstream
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where distribution takes place, frequently by external distributors.
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Tiers of suppliers
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a supplier may have one or more subsuppliers, and the subsupplier may have its own subsupplier(s) and so on.
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Material flows
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are the physical products, raw materials, supplies and so forth that flow along the chain.
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Information flows
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are all data related to demand, shipments, orders, returns and schedules as well as changes in any of these data.
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Financial flows
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are all transfers of money, payments and credit-related data.
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Electronic data interchange (EDI)
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is a communication standard that enables business partners to exchange routine documents, such as purchase orders, electronically.
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Extranets
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link business partners to one another over the Internet by providing access to certain areas of each other’s corporate intranets.
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A company and its dealers, customers or suppliers
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centers around one company.
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An industry’s extranet
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major players in an industry team up to create an extranet.
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Joint ventures and other business partnerships
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partners in a joint venture use extranet as a vehicle for communications and collaboration.
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Interpersonal roles
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figurehead, leader, liaison
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Informational roles
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monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
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Decisional roles
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entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator.
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Structured problems
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are routine and repetitive problems for which standard solutions exist.
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Unstructured problems
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are fuzzy, complex problems for which there are no cut-and-dried solutions.
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Semistructured problems
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are problems in which only some of the decision process phases are structured.
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Operational control
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involves executing specific tasks efficiently and effectively.
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Management control
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involves decisions concerning acquiring and using resources efficiently in accomplishing organizational goals.
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Strategic planning
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involves decisions concerning the long range goals and policies for growth and resource allocation.
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Business Intelligence (BI)
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refers to applications and technologies for consolidating, analyzing, and providing access to vast amounts of data to help users make better business and strategic decisions.
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Decision support systems (DSSs)
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are computer-based information systems that combine models and data in an attempt to solve semistructured and some unstructured problems with extensive user involvement.
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Sensitivity analysis
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is the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of a model have on other parts.
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What-if analysis
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is the study of the impact of a change in the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution.
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Goal-seeking analysis
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is the study that attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output.
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Organizational Decision Support System (ODSS)
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provide the following: affects several organizational units or corporate problems; cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers; involves computer-based and (usually) communications technologies.
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Data visualization
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is the process of presenting data to users in visual formats, thereby making IT applications more attractive and understandable to users.
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Geographical Information Systems
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a computer-based system for capturing, integrating, manipulating, and displaying data using digitized maps.
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Virtual Reality
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interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user via a head-mounted display.
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Intelligent systems
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is a term that describes the various commercial applications of AI.
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
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is a subfield of computer science concerned with: studying the thought processes of humans, and recreating those processes via machines, such as computer and robots.
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Expertise
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refers to the extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading and experience.
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Expert systems (ESs)
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attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain. Can support decision makers or completely replace them.
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Knowledge acquisition
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Knowledge is from experts or from documented sources.
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Knowledge representation
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Acquired knowledge is organized as rules or frames (objective-oriented) and stored electronically in a knowledge base.
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Knowledge inferencing
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Given the necessary expertise stored in the knowledge base, the computer is programmed so that it can make inferences. The reasoning function is performed in a component called the inference engine, which is the brain of ES.
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Knowledge transfer
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The inferenced expertise is transferred to the user in the form of a recommendation.
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Knowledge base
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contains knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating and solving problems.
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Inference engine
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is a computer program that provides a methodology for reasoning and formulating conclusions.
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User interface
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enables users to communicate with the computer
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Blackboard
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is an area of working memory set aside for the description of a current problem.
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Explanation subsystem
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explains its recommendations.
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Natural language processing (NLP)
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Communicating with a computer in English or whatever language you may speak.
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Natural language understanding/speech (voice) recognition
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The ability of a computer to comprehend instructions given in ordinary language, via the keyboard or by voice.
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Natural language generation/voice synthesis
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Technology that enables computers to produce ordinary language, by “voice” or on the screen, so that people can understand computers more easily.
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Kierkegaard’s stages on life’s way are also known as:
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Spheres of existence
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The value of Kierkegaard’s “stages” for our studies in suffering and evil is, in large part, their reminder that:
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All ways of life are ultimately one
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In rabbinic theology, for suffering to be atoning it must be:
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Voluntary
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The distinction between the “understanding of immediacy” and the “understanding of reflection” marks the difference between:
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What something promises to be and what it becomes
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She’ol is wrongly understood as:
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Place of punishment
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The relative silence of the Book of Job regarding the Exodus may be interpreted as a clue to the poem’s:
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Sitz-im-Leben
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In our reading of the poem of Job, the decisive “answer” to Job is finally
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Recompense
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J.B. affirms
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A form of humanism
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Rejection of dualism poses the problem of theodicy in a way which often results in the attempt to find:
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Positive purpose in suffering
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This wide-ranging thinker suggests that duration distinguishes between the demonic and divine
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Simone Weil
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The distinction between “agency” and “allowance” permits one to speak of God as:
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Allowing what is not willed
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If the diversity of human experience means that no chosen way of life is without both its confirmations and its refutations, a basic question becomes:
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What risk to take
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According to Nelvin Vos, laughter is:
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An explosion
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Abraham Heschel warns against:
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Counting persons
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A common charge against attempts to “justify” faith in a God who is good in relation to human experience of suffering and evil is that such attempts are:
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Prideful
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“Deform’d, unfinished, sent before my time/Into this breathing world scarce half made up…” The poetic richness of these lines suggests instances of:
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Natural evil
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The ancient folktale epilogue might seem to find an “answer” to Job in:
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Recompense
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Nelvin Vos roots laughter in:
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Human createdness
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As a way of life, human is “justified” by:
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Successfully meeting tragic contradictions
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What basic question concerning death does this course entertain
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Is death evil?
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This course has suggested, with help from Abrahm, Job, Kierkegaard, and Climacus, that there is no view of life which:
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Resolves all experiential contradictions
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According to Climacus, the tragic, unlike the comic, is:
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Painful
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The “stages on life’s way” or “spheres of existence” are essentially different:
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Ways of living
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According to Climacus, painful contradictions occur when one knows:
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No way out
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This course does not promise “answers” to suffering and evil but rather:
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Consideration of faithful “strategies” of wrestling
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The “extravagant gesture” of creation is celebrated by:
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Annie Dillard
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Cosmological dualism is often viewed as a way of holding on to God’s goodness but at the expense of:
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Divine omnipotence
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J.B. repents of:
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Worshipping God
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Much of the appeal of the Classical or Deuteronomic strategy in theodicy is rooted in our yearning:
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To maintain control
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Biblically, to “go away from the presence of the Lord” seems to be:
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To depart from God’s will or way
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If the diversity of human experience means that no chosen way of life is without both its confirmations and tis reutations, a basic question becomes:
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What risk to take
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The “good news” in the thought that before God we are always in the wrong is that:
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Nothing which happens can take God away from us
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Rabbi David Blumenthal feels compelled to call God:
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Abusive
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A common charge against attempts to “justifiy” faith in a God who is good in relation to human experience of suffering and evil is that such attempts are:
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Prideful
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The attempt to flee from death at any cost is:
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Negative thanatolatry
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To see death as bestowing meaning upon life is:
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Positive thanatolatry
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As a way of life, humor is “justified” by:
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Successfully meeting tragic contradictions
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McGill “places” death:
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Inside of us
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By way of the concept of “ecstatic existence” McGill “places” life:
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Outside of us
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A decisive shift in one’s relation to a suffering situation is the shift from asking “Why?” to asking:
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What now?
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This course does not promis “answers” to suffering and evil but rather
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Consideration of faithful “strategies” of wrestling
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Cosmological dualism is often viewed as a way of holding on to God’s goodness but at the expense of:
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Divine omnipotence
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For McGill, philanthropy masks our essential:
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Neediness
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Much of the appeal of the Classical or Deuteronomic strategy in theodicy is rooted in our yearning:
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To maintain control to do good
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R.P.C. Hanson challenges:
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Psychological reductionism
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Zoroastrianism is generally viewed as:
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Dualistic
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Ivan Karamazov condemns:
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God’s creation
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Praise is identified with “life” by:
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Gerhard vod Rad
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The “principle of meticulous providence” is formulated by:
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Michael Peterson
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“The only possible theodicy is an adequate atonement” according to:
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P.T. Forsyth
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A decisive factor in Israel’s remarkable shift from she’ol to resurrection would seem to be:
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Theological
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The factor in Israel’s remarkable shift from she’ol to resurrection is affirmed by:
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Jurgen Moltmann
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The “poverty of needing nothing” is recognized in a work by:
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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According to George Buttrick, Christianity’s theodicy is mainly:
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Practical
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I have argued that if we human beings can genuinely chage such change comes by way of:
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Changing questions
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