Crim Final

Deschooling Society. The ways in which institutions corrupt the values they want to promote

Factors including law and jails, that influence a person's decision to commit crime

Crime provides Rewards this is why people commit crime

Based on classical Theory. Punishments as a prevention to crime. Shouldn't be too severe proportionate to Crime Swift and certain but severe enough to deter

Effective to some extent. Certainty of punishment is better than severity of punishment. Easier for government to pass tough laws instead of increasing certainty of punishment.

Durlauf and Nagin found; long prison sentences aren't justified by deterrence Theory. Imprisonment increases recidivism. Adult sentences have little deterrence for 18 year olds.

Debate on Effectiveness like California's 3 strike law in 1994. Research finds mandatory penalties have no significant deterrence.

Ignore risk of getting caught. Likelihood of Arrested then convicted then punished is too low. Harsh penalties only affect small minority. Substance abusers not deterred. Unaware of sentences.

Police presence in high-crime areas increase certainty of arrest lowering crime.

Informing people on consequences of future criminality.

In Boston. High areas of black-on-black murder. Told violence wouldn't be tolerated, offered services to get out of gangs. Please emphasize measures to enhance certainty. Dramatic decline in homicide.

Hawaiian experiment, deter drug use on probation. All probation officers each day random drug test once a week. Short jail sentence for breach reduction in positive drug tests jail time and costs.

Examines Target search of offenders before crime occurs. Focuses on environment opportunities in criminals daily routine. Example drive to work. More likely to commit crime in those areas.

Frequently visited places

Roots between nodes

Boundaries between land use, Target's attract, social control is weak.

Don't involve crimes done in high emotion. Defenders are you opportunity causes crime. Realizing attractions are diverse and motivations are complex.

From research on Crime Victims. Being in social situations with high risk of victimization example prostitute City Life. More likely to be repeatingly offending.

Three factors for Crime to occur. One, motivated offender. Two, suitable Target. 3, no Guard ship on target. Changes in factors increase or decrease in crime.

Increase in number value or access of suitable targets causes increase in crime. Risk factors are major consideration in Target suitability.

Changes in guardianship affects crime rate.

Intimate handlers and crime facilitators

Someone intimate with offender who can control them.

Physical like guns and knives, social like peers, chemical like drugs.

Increase effort to commit crime by Target hardening to limitation. Increase risks by increasing levels of surveillance. Decrease rewards by identifying property for recovery. Decrease provocations by controlling peer pressure. Remove excuses by sitting rule limits.

Decrease pool of motivated offenders by altering high-risk conditions that breed criminal Behavior. Examples improving parenting skills, job training.

Core black kids attend preschool for 30 weeks. Add 40 years old had lower arrest rate and higher Social results. Social savings were $17 for every $1 spent on program.

Effective guardianship was youth probation contacted daily apprehended immediately if breached. Target suitability was immobilizer for every 100,000 cars at most risk. Motivated offender address theft by working with family. Effective in reducing auto theft.

Chronology with traditional email centered. Concerned with men's actions, ignored women since they are underrepresented. Violence against women not seen as a crime concern. Don't look at men as men.

Move women and Analysis of gender into the center of criminology inquiry.

One, focus on sexism of theories use to explain women's crime. 2, and explanation of invisibility of women in mainstream criminology theories.

Women viewed as naturally inferior, which explains female criminality

Differences between men and women that account for female criminal offending, and differences in female and male offending

Women are less intelligent, less sensitive to pain, more passive and more conservative than men.

Women aren't as evolved as males. Female criminals are degenerate lost maternity instincts.

Behavior is expression of instincts such as anger fear love status power. Women had more love in their nervous systems. Need for love made them criminals like prostitutes.

Criminal women are others. Imprisoned women are sorry lot. Characterized by feeble-mindedness, and Psychopathic personalities. Hard to reform.

Women's crime is equal to men's crime. Women are deceptive and vengeful

Myth based, dual nature assumption like good versus bad binary. Promiscuity is good with men and bad with girls, doesn't factor in crime to gender roles.

Shifted from physical to sociological factors.

Low female crime comes from how girls are socialized. Explains women's Lester involvement in violent crime and More in shoplifting.

Patriarchal Families versus egalitarian families. Patriarchal families large gender differences resulted in delinquency.

Role Theory can only partly explain crime. Why gender socialization differs.

Criticized fail to account for women's crime.

Accounted for class, not gender. Low SES still commit less crime than low SES men.

Some men as heterogeneous and women as homogeneous

Ignored women in his theories. Women more conformist.

Modify mainstream theories to fit women. Merton see women as marriage children as cultural goals. The problem is in treats women as an afterthought.

Latency, only treated more leniently when white upper-class SES and act stereotypically like a woman example crying. Chivalry in The CJS makes women subordinate.

Female criminality will have more closely reflects men's as gender equality is reached in the workplace. Increased employment opportunities equals increased crime opportunity

Takes males to be the norm and doesn't see women as separate.

Tend to be young, poor, uneducated, unskilled. Most likely to be involved in property crime period consistent with role as consumers

Aboriginal women have over a presentation in jails in crime. Prostitution reflection of subordinates social position.

Question assumptions of beliefs of public on violence against women. Perception of rape full of victim and perp stereotypes.

Women are asked to be raped for clothing, no means yes. Myths are phallocentric. Translate into lower detection and higher acquittal rates and later said it's his for a fender. Rapist don't see their action is wrong.

Refers to women's II humiliation by going through the court process

Historically women were property, until 1983 men couldn't be charged with raping wife. Women needed evidence to lay charges, Criminal Justice System viewed partner violence as personal matter.

Rape was infrequent males were majority of victims

Women's movement encouraged women to tell their stories more services emerge from it. This movement found that assault was more frequent than thought 1 out of 5 women assaulted in their life. 1 out of 10 women married is battered, 1 out of 10 sexual assaults are ever reported. led to legislative reform an eighth 1983 criminal code added rape Shield.

Half of women were victims of physical / sexual violence. Half of men were the perpetrators they knew.

Aboriginal women in Canada are five times more likely to be killed from violence. 1991 rape Shield law was struck down. C49 instead said sexual past is in admissible as evidence when used in relation to concerned.

Most criminals have been previously victimized especially aboriginals. Pathways show connection between victimization and leading to criminal activity. Criminalized women have become women in trouble.

Takes the system to task rather than tinkering with its parts. Critiques social inequalities and suffering. Transformation

Identified starting points for a new criminology. Criticize conventional criminology for, supporting the political and economic status quo, ignoring structural cases of crime, focusing on biological / psychological factors, called for a fully social criminology.

Ignoring social structures, failing to challenge State definitions of crime, believing criminal justice system could be easily adjusted to address in justices.

Known for his work on power. Power is not a quantity that can be possessed is relational, evident only when exercised. Produces reality, is thus not negative, but creative.

Small and mundane relations of governance affecting human behavior

Insurance constant subjection and obedience like a grade school teacher, which operates through surveillance

The direct or indirect observation of conduct towards producing a desired outcome examples of conformity

Any attempt to shape Behavior According to some norms, for a variety of ends.

Draws attention to non-state constructions of criminality like private institutions. Draws attention to Myriad Technologies of governments. And restorative justice as Governmentality

A mode of treatment of certain events capable of occurring to a group of people. This can result in increased surveillance of certain groups which is unjust. Risk-based strategies do not take into account the context in which different risks develop.

Society organized around the management of risk. Social problems become risks to be managed not solved. Risk thinking transforms criminal justice practices.

Crime viewed as a cultural not illegal contract. A culturally negotiated phenomenon through which people create social meaning.

One, crime is motivated by feelings and how we Act is felt by the offender. 2, the soft City equals street-level possibilities and creativity can thwart rationality planned Urban space. 3, acts of transgressions challenge justness of laws. 4, employees and attentive gaze. Ethnographic methodology to identify the experimental and interpretive dimensions of crime. 5, produces dangerous knowledge because its purpose is to question all knowledge, including the status of criminology as an objective science.

The social world is divided into many fields like artistic and economic. Each field is a space of conflict and competition. Field rules are tilted to favor the powerful. Actors ability to display competence in a field depends on his or her habitus.

Does not accept criminalize identities as constructed through criminal law. Instead it seeks to identify this symbolic, cultural, economic factors that empowered dominant actors to create an applied criminal categories.

A person in power to declare a state of exception. When The Sovereign declares the suspension of civil liberties to restore social order.

Central concern is the modern conditions of sovereignty, repression, the loss of rights in the name of security since 9/11

Unprotected by laws and rights

Opening up language to this island, background sub positions that give words and their phrases meeting. It intends to encounter the hidden and excluding elements of language. Like meaning and experience

Trace is the silent or absent element of language that gives words and essential part of their meeting. Comet is an example, when we observe a comment we are not privy to its Essence the nucleus remains hidden.

Youth criminal justice Act Community is inherently exclusionary. It designates divisions between and amongst people. Gated neighborhoods exclude the others while Shoring up a privileged lifestyle. Community can contribute to exclusionary practices that limit patterns of Harmony.

Most common place understanding of justice is vengeance. Many injustice's are done in the pursuit of Justice. Justice is not an existing reality or entity. Justice is not found from the law or contained in the law. Justice is an ideal I promise.

Organized crime. Three or more persons in or outside of Canada. Has main Activity one or more serious criminal offenses. This activity results in material benefit. Excludes a group that forms randomly to commit a single offense.

OC groups designed to last longer than current membership and Leadership, Personnel can be replaced no one is indispensable.

Clear Voltron criminal activity, criminal record is a prerequisite for membership in some groups. Offenders involved in the criminal activities even after amassing wealth or spending time in prison

Code of secrecy in the mafia

Sicilian Mafia and Katie and arm of American La Cosa Nostra. Members from Calabria in southern Italy, powerful in Italy Europe and globally. Seven families in Toronto, part of an international Network.

Organized crime is result of importation of secret criminal societies rooted in foreign cultures.

Seen as xenophobic and racist.

Theorist noted the over-representation of ethnic groups in organized crime in North America. Lack of legitimate opportunities for ethnic minority groups pushes them towards criminal Innovations to achieve the American dream. Once they have opportunity to legitimate opportunity structures they move on into mainstream Society.

Many people of Italian and Chinese Heritage remained active in organized crime long after these groups assimilated into mainstream Society.

Views organized crime is economically rational Behavior based on laws of supply and demand.

Governments create demand for illegal goods and services by outlawing vices or through high tariffs and taxes. This creates an underground Market, which is eventually dominated by organized crime. Examples include Al Capone.

Views organized crime is bureaucracy. Holly structure tightly controlled.

Based on study of an Italian-American Mafia Family. Argue this family is organizer on kinship relationships pattern by culture. Blood, marriage, and shared ethnicity.

Organized crime involves a loose system of power and business relationships. Requires a middleman to provide contacts / influence. This person becomes a patreon who dominates a network of people in a given area. Ensures the welfare and security of his people and Associates and receives a military tribute from his clients.

Organized crime is a loose-knit, fluid network of independent criminals. Consists of symmetrical business Partnerships based on complementary areas of specialization. Network model is very applicable to International drug production, smuggling, wholesale, retailing.

White collar crime is much more costly in dollar terms and Street crime. Violation of criminal laws security regulations have become common. Sports scandals are common to like steroids. Major problem.

Corporate and business crime. Crimes by individual and professional practices.

Offenses against the organization. Offenses against employees.

White collar crime committed by an individual or group of individuals exclusively for personal gain.

Crimes committed within the support and encouragement of a formal organization and its intended in part to advance the goals of the organization.

Death of employees due to corporate negligence deemed

Competitive spirit. Arrogance. Sense of entitlement.

Treating a corporation as a person in legal fictition mean in terms of liability.

Employees do not inform superiors of certain actions, so it appears cannot be held responsible.

Violations committed during the course of practicing legitimate occupation. At the heart of Occupational crime is a violation of trust.

Investors are promised substantial returns but existing investors are paid off with money for new victims

Illegal trading by people with knowledge that gives them an advantage over other investors.

Artificially inflate stock prices through misinformation and sell shares for profit.