Crim Test

Ones religion, political ideology, pragmatic observations

conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group

no physical, emotional or emembarrassment to the subjects. this also means no harm to the researchers or a third party

voluntary.

this norm is easier to accept than to apply

protects the subjects name and information

example is web based survey with no log in

assuring anonymity makes it difficult to keep track oh which sampled respondents have been interviewed because researchers did not record their name

a researcher who is able to link information with a given persons identity but promises not to.

is unethical

always report info even if it it negative or if mistakes were made

two types of ethical problems expose researchers to potential legal liability.

1. making a field observation and you find a prostitute. you have to report that to the police

2. knowledge that research subjects have committed an offence

certain types of criminal justice studies present special problems in addition to those we have already mentioned. for example applied research may evaluate some existing new program.

in a study if u have 10 plp receiving treatment for drugs while the others do a less effective treatment program, is that ethical?

the federal child abuse prevention and treatment act of 1974, all states developed child protection agencies and adopted mandatory reporting laws

brief but comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human subjects (1979)

1. Respect for people: must be allowed to make their own decisions

2. Beneficence: research should not harm the individuals and seek to produce benefits

3. Justice: The benefits and burdens of participating should be distributed evenly

GA and NGO's that have studies containing human subjects must establish review boards/committes known as institutional review boards to make sure that these studies are okay

1. makes judgement on overall risk to the participants.

2.

The norm of voluntary participation is usually satisfied through informed consent

federal regulations are put on human subjects include special provisions for certain types of subjects, especially prisoners & juvenilles

stanford prison experiment

refers to the different ways in constructing research

1. Independent and dependent variable

2. pretesting and posttesting

3. Experimental and control groups

independent variable has on the dependent variable

use a control group

purpose for double blind study so there is no bias from each side

Two basic decisions

1. Who will participate

2. How those particular members will be selected

conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately might not reflect what went on in the experiment

history (significant event), maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection bias, experimental morality, ambiguous time order

is the correspondence between the empirical test of a hypothesis and the underlying casual that the experiment is intended to represent

what the type of results based in a controlled environment take place in nature?

if the same test was done in a different environment with different people would the same results would happen in another place, or would the treatment be just as effective

refers to whether we are able to determine if two variables are related (difficult when findings are based on small sample sizes)

1. The number of experimental and control groups

2. the number of variation of experimental stimuli

3. the number of pretest and post test measurements

4. procedures used to select subjects and assign them to groups

does not randomly select participants and might suffer from internal validity

put into two groups

1. non-equivalent groups

2. time-series designs

is a type of non equivalent group because cohorts are usually grouped together

eg. people who graduated in may, police officers in the safe class.

is a longitudinal design that can determine cause & effect

case oriented research

variable-oriented research

variable oriented research

pattern matching, time series analysis

the ability to examine a smaller sample of people and apply the same statistics to the population

all members of the population will have an equal chance of being selected

is that unit about which information is collected and provides the basis of analysis

elements are usually people or certain types of peopl

everybody

value for given variables in a population. example would be the average income of all families in a city and the age distribution of the city's population

summary description of a given variable in the sample. used to make estimates of population parameters

1.

can only have two value

s = sqaure root of pxq divided by n

68%

68% percent is within one error of parameter or 95 percent in two parameters

confidence interval

researcher chooses all elements in a list for inclusion in the sample

obtains a greater degree of representatives which decreases probable sampling error

a sample purposely non representative of a population

advanced stage of cluster sampling. cluster sampling is dividing the sample into groups

very expensive, complex and time consuming

when a group like car thieves is unable to be study . the given element is unknown

selecting a sample based on our knowledge of the population

addressees the issue of representivness

type of non probability sampling. used in field observation studies. Getting a person to do a study then asking that person to get other people to join in on the study

surveys that target certain cities or groups to prevent that type of crime in the future

the respondent is asked to answer there own questions

you are provided with certain options that u have to pick

suggests a collection of questions but a typical questionnaire probably has as many statements as questions cause researchers are interested in the extent of interest respondents have

short items

negative and biased items/terms

strongly disagree, strongly agree

frick ya

mail survey method

50% is good for analysis and reporting

a response rate of at least 60% is good. 70% is very good

alternative method of collecting survey data. face to face interviews are best for complex questionnaires and other specialized needs.

it is harder to turn away a person standing at your doorstep than it is when they are phoning you.. decreases number of i don't know and no responses

interviewer must be able to read the items on the questionnaire without stumbling over words

whenevr one interviewer administers a survey. both efforts have to be similar

1.training interviews

2. supervising them after they begin work

computer assisted interviewing

fast and relatively low cost

cost, speed and question

group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular product before it is launched