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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Environmental Criminology |
-examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it occurred in order to understand an explain crime patterns -where? when? characteristics of crime site? |
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Rational Choice Perspective |
-Clark and Cornish -assumes that people make decisions with the goal of maximizing good and minimizing bad -based on traditional economic choice: argues that people will choose the option that will satisfy their needs |
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Routine Activity Approach (Components of a Criminal Event) |
-Cohen and Felson -a crime can only occur if there is: and offender, a target, absence of guardian (witness) and personal handler (no one to control situation) |
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Lifestyle Theories |
-8 propositions online (Ch 9) |
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Victim-Offender Interaction |
-Marvin Wolfgang -coined the term victim precipitation: refers to situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death -estimated that 1/4 of homicides are victim precipitated |
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Theories of Victimization |
-repeat victimization -hotspots of crime -geography of crime |
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C. Ray Jeffery |
-environments can be altered, with little expense, to decrease victimization |
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Oscar Newman |
-defensible space: improved public housing in order to provide increased security |
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Situational Crime Prevention |
-auto theft -convenience stores parking facilities |
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Homicide |
-the killing of one human by another -not all are illegal |
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Murder |
-the intentional killing of another person with malice forethought |
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Manslaughter |
-the unlawful killing of another person without malice -voluntary and involuntary |
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Voluntary Manslaughter |
-intentionally killing another person but without malice -ex: heat of passion crimes |
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Involuntary Manslaughter |
-causing the death of another person unintentionally but by reckless behavior -ex: drunk driving |
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Homicide Rates by Region |
1. South (43.8%) 2. West (20.6%) 3. Midwest (19.9%) 4. Northeast (15.6%) |
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Serial Murder |
-killing of 3+ people over an extended period of time |
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Spree Murder |
-killing of 3+ people in a short period of time |
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Mass Murder |
-killing of multiple people in one event of very quick succession |
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Assault |
-an attack on another person to inflict injury and that is intended to frighten or cause physical harm |
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Battery |
-an attack that results in touching or striking the victim |
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Degrees of Assault |
-simple assault: one that inflicts little or no physical harm -aggravated assault: one that inflicts serious harm or uses a deadly weapon |
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Family Related Crimes |
-relationship abuse -spouse abuse -child abuse -abuse of the elderly |
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Rape (Common Law) |
-an act of enforced intercourse by a man towards a woman (not his wife) without her consent -marital rape is now illegal in all 50 states |
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Stranger Rape |
-the victim had little or no prior contact with the offender |
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Predatory Rape |
-the offender intends and plans to rape the victim by pretending to go on a legitimate date |
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Date Rape |
-a legitimate dating situation gone bad -force is eventually used to gain sex from the consenting victim |
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Kindnapping |
-abduction and holding by force and transport of the victim beyond where the crime was committed -in US, often involves the parents |
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Lindbergh Law |
-resulted from the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's infant son in 1932 |
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Robbery |
-the taking of property by force and violence or threat of violence |
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Burglary |
-unlawful entry into a structure to commit a felony or theft |
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Types of Robbers |
-the professional robber -the opportunist robber -the addict robber -the alcoholic robber |
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Organized Crime |
-originated from immigrants from southern Italy -the Mafia -Rackateer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act -Federal Witness Program |
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Terrorism |
-the resort to violence or threat of violence from a group seeking to go against the another group of authority -media is crucial |
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Other Threats |
-hate crimes -militias -school violence -youth and guns -gun control |
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Larceny |
-theft of personal property |
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Elements of Larceny (Further Definition) |
1. a trespass 2. taking and 3. carrying away of 4. personal property 5. belonging to another 6. with the intent to never give it back |
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Other Types of Larceny |
-shoplifting -art theft -motor vehicle theft -boat theft |
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Types of Motor Vehicle Theft |
-strip and run -scissors job -valet theft -insurance fraud -carjacking |
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Fraud |
-obtaining property by false pretenses -the victim is made to part with their property voluntarily as a result of the offenders lying about where the property is going |
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Other Types of Fraud |
-confidence games: the offender gains the confidence of the victim and induces the victim in expectation of a future gain -check forgery: altering a check with the intent to defraud -credit card crimes |
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Insurance Fraud |
-staged claims -owner dumping -abandoned vehicles -staged accidents -intended accidents -caused accidents |
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Filing Fraudulent Health Insurance Claims |
-over utilization -ping-ponging -family ganging -steering -upgrading |
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Overutilization |
-billing for unnecessary and superfluous tests -ex: doctors giving you three tests when you only need two |
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Ping-ponging |
-physicians referring to patients to other practitioners when the patient doesn't really need to do so |
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Family Ganging |
-a doctor extends several unnecessary services to all members of a patient's family -like overutilization |
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Steering |
-doctors tell patients to fill up unneeded prescriptions at the clinic's pharmacy |
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Upgrading |
-a patient is billed for services more extensive that those they were actually given |
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High-Tech Crimes |
-involves the attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media |
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Hacking |
-seeking entry into a computer system to snoop around, often leaving no sign of entry -usually little criminal intent: criminal intent would involve stealing of credit cards, information, vandalism or planting viruses |
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Other Computer Crimes |
-industrial espionage -software piracy -online pornography -mail bombings -password sniffers -credit card fraud |
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White-Collar Crime |
-Edwin H. Sutherland: a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation |
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Occupational Crimes |
-committed by individuals for themselves by rendering a service -ex: medicare fraud, misuse of client's funds by lawyers and brokers and substitution of inferior goods |
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Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act |
-created an oversight council to evaluate systemic risk -improved accounting standards and regulations of credit rating agencies |
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Types of White Collar Crimes |
-bankruptcy fraud -insurance fraud -consumer fraud -tax fraud -insider related fraud -bribery, corruption, political fraud -fraud against the government -security related crimes |
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Security Related Crimes |
-churning -insider trading -stock manipulation -boiler rooms |
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Churning |
-trading a client's shares of stocks frequently in order to generate large commissions |
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Insider Trading |
-the use of material, nonpublic, financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities |
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Stock Manipulation |
-"pink sheets" -over-the-counter market -some stocks are traded at very low prices |
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Fraud Against the Government |
-includes biddings, payoffs and kickbacks to government officials, spendings by a government official that exceeds the budget, the filing of false claims, the hiring of friends and offers of persuasion to government officials |
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Consumer Fraud |
-home improvement fraud -deceptive advertising -telemarketing fraud -land fraud -business opportunity fraud |
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Insurance Fraud |
-policy holders defrauds insurers -insurers defrauds the public -management defrauds the public -third parties defraud insurers |
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Tax Fraud |
-keeping two sets of books -shifting funds -faking forms |
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Political Fraud |
-bribery or accepting a bribe is a felony |
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Insider Related Fraud |
-embezzlement -employee related thefts -sale of confidential information or trading secrets |
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Corporate Crime |
-committed by the corporation or those acting on the behalf of the corporation -putting workers in harms way |
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Proactive Corporate Fault |
-a corporation is to blame if their practices or procedures are inadequate to prevent crime |
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Reactive Corporate Fault |
-considers the corporate reaction to the discovery of a criminal act |
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Environmental Crime |
-environmental protection agency (EPA) |
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Legislative Acts on Drug Use |
-Harrison Act (1914) -Marijuana Tax Act (1937) -Boggs Act (1951) -Comprehensive Drug Prevention and Control Act (Controlled Substances Act) (1970) -Title 21 -Anti Drug Abuse Act (1988) |
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National Survey on Drug Use Stats |
-8.9% of Americans aged 12+ are current drug users -marijuana was the most commonly used |
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Patterns of Drug Abuse |
-1950's: heroin in inner cities used among young Black and Hispanic males -1960's: marijuana is drug of choice among white, middle class youth -1980's: cocaine used among well educated, prosperous professionals in their 20's and 30's -1989: crank |
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Drug Control |
-legislative attempts -treatment: communities, programs, courts -education -legalization |
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Alcohol and Crime Stats |
-51.8% of people 12+ are drinkers -13.6% were 12-17 |
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Legalization of Alcohol |
-Jan 16, 1920: 18th Amendment banned alcohol (prohibition) -Dec 5, 1933: 21st Amendment repealed 18th |
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Violence and Alcohol Stats |
-about 40% of offenders drank alcohol immediately before committing their crime -about 33% of inmates describe themselves as daily drinkers -over 33% of inmates have gotten into physical fights while drinking or after drinking |
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Drunk Driving |
-2009: 10,839 people were killed in alcohol impaired driving crashes -1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence -use of drugs (often used with alcohol) are responsible for 18% of motor vehicle driver deaths |
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Sexual Morality Offenses |
-statutory rape -deviate sexual intercourse by force or imposition (ex: sodomy) -prostitution -pornography |
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Actors in Prostitution |
-prostitute -pimp -madams -johns |
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The Prostitution Hierarchy |
1. call girls 2.massage parlor prostitutes 3. inmates 4. streetwalkers: working girls or hookers |
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The Attorney General's Commission on Pornography |
exposure to pornographic materials: -leads to more acceptance of rape myths and violence against women -new effects when the victim is shown enjoying the used of force or violence -it's arousing for rapists and some in the general population -has resulted in sexual aggression against women in the workplace |
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The Supreme Court and Pornography |
something is pornographic when -the average person would find it appealing to sexual interests -the work depicts or describes, in an offensive way, sexual conduct -the work as a whole lacks serious literacy, artistic, political or scientific value |
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Comparative Criminology |
-the cross cultural or cross national study of crime and crime control with the application of the comparative method in the science of criminology |
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Comparative Criminology Research Methods |
-study foreign law -understanding foreign justice systems -learning about foreign cultures -collecting data |
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Collecting Data |
-INTERPOL -Comparative Crime Data File -Correlates of Crime -The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) -Self Report |
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Problems with Research |
-identification of sources of information -identification of comparable problems -selection of research methods |
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Internationally Induced Local Crime Problems |
-simultaneous appearance of a similar crime in various parts of the world |
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Transnational Crime |
-criminal activities or transactions that violate the laws of more than one country or have a direct impact on a foreign country -ex: theft of art/cultural objects, illicit trafficking of arms, persons and drugs (etc) |
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International Crime |
-major offenses -ex: war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression of a country (etc) |