Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
coercive power
|
A form of power that stresses the application or threat of physical force.
|
|
|
In a highly authoritarian prison,
|
Treatment goals are less important.
|
|
|
If a shakedown were to occur in a prison, the _____ would give the directive.
|
Warden.
|
|
|
______ are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution’s goals and are in direct contact with clients.
|
Line personnel.
|
|
|
The warden’s job security rests on:
|
Ability to run the institution efficiently.
|
|
|
____ are central to prisoner control. Why?
|
Negotiations.
Because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates. |
|
|
Exchange is
|
The relationship between staff and prisoners which focuses on material goods and written correspondence.
|
|
|
When prisoners are unruly: (and example)
|
There are a range of punishments given to inmates for disciplinary reasons.
Ex. Removing good time credit. |
|
|
A majority of correctional officers are from ______.
|
Rural settings.
|
|
|
One primary incentive for being a corrections officer is:
|
Security of a civil service job.
|
|
|
______, _______, and ______ have changed the racial and gender composition of the correctional officer force.
|
Over the past 40 years, federal courts, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and affirmative action programs
have dramatically changed the racial and gender composition of the correctional officer force. |
|
|
Correctional officers sometime feel that...
|
No one cares what happens inside the walls, that they’re doing time as well as the inmates, and that their work accounts for nothing on the outside.
|
|
|
When does classification occur?
|
Classification may occur during transfer to another institution, in preparation for release and after an inmate encounters problems.
|
|
|
Psychological program services frequently take the form of:
|
Group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy.
|
|
|
Classification committees often...
|
Revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assignment inmates.
|
|
|
When classification committees are classifying inmates, they recognize the following _____:
|
Members of racial gangs, members of ethnic gangs, and predators who
demand things. |
|
|
A majority of inmates under correctional authority have a history of what 3 problems?
|
Mental health problems, diabetes problems and HIV/AIDS problems.
|
|
|
Psychotherapy refers to:
|
The treatment of the mind.
|
|
|
Prisoner education is ______ for juvenile offenders.
|
More available and often times required.
|
|
|
The most powerful new studies of correctional rehabilitation programs try to express their effectiveness using what?
|
A cost-benefit ratio.
|
|
|
What is the court case that established a right to medical treatment while incarcerated?
|
Estelle v. Gamble.
|
|
|
The most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections often based on what 3 things?
|
Mandatory sentencing, determinate sentencing, and truth in sentencing is aging.
|
|
|
With the increase of the prison population...
|
The percentage of parolees has increased.
|
|
|
Parole is also known as
|
Conditional release.
|
|
|
Who built on Alexander Maconochie's idea of requiring prisoners to earn early release?
|
Sir Walter Crofton.
|
|
|
In the wake of the "tough on crime" movement over the past three decades,
|
The number of parolees has decreased.
|
|
|
Those serving on a parole board are appointed...
|
By the governor.
|
|
|
In the autonomous model:
|
There is a parole board, an independent decision-making authority that is organizationally close enough to the department to be sensitive to institutional and correctional needs.
|
|
|
An inmate's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on...
|
Requirements set by the law and sentence status.
|
|
|
Discretionary release places great faith in the ability of the parole board members to
|
Predict future offender behavior.
|
|
|
One criterion for release most parole boards consider is:
|
An inmate's progress in self-improvement programs.
|
|
|
Release criteria used by the parole board are what 3 things?
|
Prior criminal record, attitudes toward victims an history of community adjustment.
|
|
|
What is the goal of community corrections?
|
To prepare offenders for reentry into society gradually through the reintegration model.
|
|
|
Parole is often viewed as a _____.
|
Privilege.
|
|
|
Which factors are likely to lead to a parole revocation?
|
Dirty drug tests, the loss of a job, and an arrest for a new crime.
|
|
|
The three forces that influence the newly released offender's adjustment to free society:
|
The parole board, the parole bureaucracy, and the experiences of the offender.
|
|
|
When parole officers play the role of cop,
|
They can restrict many aspects of the parolee's life and initiate revocation for violations.
|
|
|
Conditions of release are
|
Requirements and rules designed to aid readjustment to society and control parolee movement.
|
|
|
Marriage and home life are...
|
Not a high priority need for many offenders released from prison.
|
|
|
Research has shown that post-release supervision is
|
Limited in its effectiveness.
|
|
|
The procedures of juvenile corrections incorporate ______ and ______.
|
Informality and discretionary decision making.
|
|
|
Since 1994, the juvenile crime rate has...
|
decreased.
|
|
|
The first juvenile court was established in
|
Chicago.
|
|
|
The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony believed that....
|
The child was evil and in need of discipline.
|
|
|
In Re Winship
|
The case that required a standard of "beyond a doubt" for delinquency matters.
|
|
|
In Re Gault
|
The case that specified the "essentials" required by Kent - notice, hearing, counsel, and cross-examination.
|
|
|
Kent v. US.
|
The first and basic "essentials of due process" required by juvenile offenders was determined in this case.
|
|
|
Factors in a juvenile's history that indicate a high risk of delinquency are
|
Behavior problems in elementary school, drug dealing, an antisocial parents.
|
|
|
The most common sanction a juvenile receives is
|
Probation.
|
|
|
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1988 requires states to determine
|
Whether the proportion of minorities in confinement exceeds their proportion in the population.
|
|
|
The public today calls for what kind of approach for juveniles?
|
A get-tough approach.
|
|
|
Over the past quarter century, the incarceration rate has
|
Quadrupled.
|
|
|
Which US region has the lowest incarceration rate?
|
The Northeast.
|
|
|
Which state has the highest incarceration rate among all the states?
|
Louisiana.
|
|
|
_____% of California's recommitments stemmed from technical violations.
|
80%
|
|
|
Predictive studies calculate that the future prison population of the US is
|
Likely to remain stable.
|
|
|
A correctional officer's ability to do their job is impacted by....
|
Prison overcrowding in many ways. There is an increased potential for violence, it puts a strain on the staff morale, and limits the ability to run programs.
|
|
|
Overcrowded prisons may
|
Violate provisions of the Eighth Amendment.
|
|
|
For two decades, the crime rate in the US has
|
been declining.
|
|
|
The most costly correctional resource is
|
The prison.
|
|
|
Some overseers think a hardening of public attitudes towards criminals is
|
Reflected in longer sentences.
|
|
|
Ethnicity relates to:
|
A person's language, religion, and group traditions.
|
|
|
After 1980, prison surpassed _____ as a place for young African American men.
|
College.
|
|
|
One in three African American men are
|
Under correctional supervision.
|
|
|
Patterns of disproportionate representation in the CRJ system start with
|
Juveniles.
|
|
|
The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the CRJ system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is
|
Indisputable.
|
|
|
Self-report studies show that
|
Most people have committed a crime.
|
|
|
A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be
|
The view is vulnerable to charges of racism and it would mean the creation of a 'criminal class' of people who are dangerous.
|
|
|
The victim's perception of the race of the offender differs...
|
From the race of those arrested.
|
|
|
Many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is:
|
Reciprocal.
|
|
|
Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to....
|
Vote. Also referred to as disenfranchisement.
|
|
|
Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that employers are both _____ and _______.
|
Hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more likely to do a background check for young African American men.
|
|
|
The problem of disproportionality is more complicated if....
|
The problem is not racist people but disadvantageous rules and practices.
|
|
|
Examination of self-report studies of criminality has often revealed that...
|
African American and white youths admit to similar participation in criminal and deviant activity.
|
|
|
It took how long for Angel Diaz to die by legal injection in Florida?
|
30 minutes.
|
|
|
The term retribution refers to
|
The belief that one who takes another's life deserves punishment equal to the victim's fate.
|
|
|
The term deterrence refers to
|
The idea that the punishment of execution will prevent others from engaging in violent criminal activity.
|
|
|
According to the author, until the mid 1700s criminal punishment in Europe an American colonies focused on...
|
The offender's body. It also focused on mutilation, whipping, and dismemberment.
|
|
|
Analysts argue that public opinion for the death penalty is
|
Somewhat confusing.
|
|
|
To ensure thorough deliberation before imposing the death sentence...
|
Legislators enacted a two-stage process.
|
|
|
Atkins v. Virginia
|
The Supreme Court ruled that executing the mentally retarded is unconstitutional.
|
|
|
Ford v. Wainwright
|
The Supreme Court ruled that the insane should not be executed.
|
|
|
Witherspoon v. Illinois
|
Held that potential jurors who object to the death penalty cannot be automatically excluded from jury service in capital cases.
|
|
|
Because of the heinous nature of the crime, several stats have sought to enact laws permitting use of the death penalty for _______.
|
Adults who rape a child.
|
|
|
According to opponents of capital punishment, evidence the death penalty deters violent crimes is _______.
|
Lacking.
|
|
|
Opponents of the death penalty believe that is is applied ________.
|
In a discriminatory fashion.
|
|
|
Use of the death penalty will continue to be a major source of debate among _______, _______, and ________.
|
Legislators, scholars, and correctional officials.
|
|
|
Aggravated and mitigating circumstances are looked at during....
|
The sentencing phase of a bifurcated trial.
|
|
|
Do people in poor communities want people to go to prison?
|
No.
|
|
|
Community justice
|
As a philosophy, it is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks such as apprehension, conviction, and punishment.
|
|
|
Community justice focuses on...
|
While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice focuses on solving crime problems.
|
|
|
The traditional criminal justice system is concerned...
|
Almost exclusively with offenders.
|
|
|
Traditional criminal justice is ______.
|
Reactive.
|
|
|
An innovative neighborhood-based approach for reducing crime and increasing public safety is ____________.
|
Community surveillance.
|
|
|
The community justice approach does not...
|
Combine crime control and rehabilitation. Rather, it is a philosophy of justice, strategy of justice, an a series of justice programs.
|
|
|
_________ help identify and prioritize local crime problems.
|
Citizen advisory boards.
|
|
|
In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was _______.
|
Rehabilitation.
|
|
|
Corrections lacks _________.
|
A clear mission.
|
|
|
The history of corrections has taught us that we often....
|
Injure the people we try to help.
|
|
|
A structural problem with corrections is that ....
|
The system depends on significant factors outside of its control.
|
|
|
What are the two goals with corrections staff?
|
Attracting the right people to work in corrections and
Motivating them to remain once they are employed. |
|
|
Phases of destruction (5) from the House I Live In:
|
(1) It begins with identification, where we decide a certain people are bad or evil. (2) The second link is isolation. (3) The third link is confiscation, their property is taken and their rights are removed. (4) The fourth link is concentration where people are placed into ghettos, stored away. (5) The last link is annihilation, where they are killed. The war on drugs has taken on these characteristics.
|
