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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main differences between muscle fiber types? |
Type 1 are highly efficient and fatigue resistant. They have a high aerobic capacity but limited potential for force potential. Type 11- include IIx and IIax, and they are the opposite. High force potential but fatigue quickly. |
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The extent of control of a muscle depends on what? |
The number of muscle fibers within each motor unit.what is the total |
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What is the total energy yield from the oxidation of one glucose molecule? |
40 (consumes 2 ATP, so net 38) |
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Where is glycogen stored and what are the approximate amounts? |
Muscle: 300-400g Liver: 70-100g
Resting concentrations can be influenced by training and dietary manipulation. |
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The repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to… |
Postexercise carb ingestion. .7-3.0 g/kg body weight of carbs every 2 hours after exercise. |
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What are the two possible sources of glucose? |
Blood glucose and muscle glycogen. |
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What is lactate threshold? |
The exercise intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above base concentrations. Typically begins at 50-60% maximal oxygen uptake in untrained, 70-80% trained athletes. |
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What are the two reasons why the LT curve shifts to the right (improves)? |
Changes in hormone release (reduced catecholamine) and increased mitochondrial content, allowing for greater production of ATP through aerobic mechanisms. Allows the athlete to perform at higher percentages of oxygen uptake without as much lactate accumulation in the blood.
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What is the Cori Cycle? |
When lactate is transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose. |
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Pyruvate is the end of result of glycolysis. What are the two pathways it can go? |
1) Converted to lactate. ATP resynthesizes faster but is limited in duration (anaerobic glycolysis) 2) Shuttled to mitochondria. Undergoes Kreb cycle, which is slower but lasts longer (aerobic glycolysis) |
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What is glycolysis? |
The breakdown of carbs, either glycogen stored in muscle or glucose delivered in the blood, to resynthesize ATP |
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The body stores approximately _______ of ATP at any given time, but cannot be completely depleted because ________. |
80-100g Some is necessary for basic cellular functions |
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Those with Type II fibers may be able to replenish ATP faster because… |
Type II contain higher concentrations of creatine phosphate, which serves as an energy reserve for replenishing ATP. |
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The phosphagen system provides ATP primarily for short-duration, high-intensity exercise, and is active at the start of all exercise. This system relies on ________ of ATP and another high energy phosphate molecule called ___________. |
Hydrolysis
Creatine phosphate |
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What are exergonic reactions? |
Energy releasing reactions that are catabolic (break down). |
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What are endergonic reactions? |
They require energy and include anabolic (build up) processes and the contraction of the muscle. |
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The phosphagen system, and first phase of glycolysis, occur in what? |
The sarcoplasm of the muscle cell. |
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What is hydrolysis? |
The breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy. |
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What enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis? |
PFK |
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Which energy system has the highest rate of energy production? |
The phosphagen system. |
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True or False? Extensive aerobic endurance training is necessary for improvement in anaerobic events like strength and power sports. |
False. It may actually reduce gains in muscle mass, maximum strength, and speed-power related performance. |
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High intensity, short duration exercises require greater rest, why? |
Because of the aerobic mechanisms that deplete phosphagen stores. Complete resynthesis of creatine phosphate may take up to 8 minutes. |
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What is EPOC? |
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.
The oxygen uptake above resting values in an attempt to to restore the body to pre exercise conditions. |
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When necessary, protein can be broken down into amino acids and then converted to glucose through….. |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Interval training basics for the phosphagen system. |
90-100% max power. 5-10 seconds in duration 1:12 - 1:20 work to rest ratio |
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Interval training basics for fast glycolysis? |
75-90% max power 15-30 seconds 1:3 - 1:5 work to rest ratio |
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Interval training basics for the end of fast glycolysis and first phase of oxidative? |
30-75% max power 1-3 minutes 1:3 - 1:4 work to rest ratio |
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The Krebs cycle, electron transport and rest of oxidative system are aerobic and occur in what? |
The mitochondria of muscle cells, and they require oxygen. |
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The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH to rephosphorylate ______ to ______. |
ADP to ATP |
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The oxidative system is the primary source of ATP at rest, and uses primarily _______ and ______ as substrates. |
Carbs and fat |
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Metabolism is defined as: |
The total of all the catabolic or exergonic, and anabolic, or endergonic reactions, in a biological system. |
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What is the end result of glycolysis? |
Pyruvate |
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Define metabolic acidosis |
The process of an exercise-induced decrease in pH. May be responsible for much of the peripheral fatigue in exercise. |
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When Pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is converted to: |
Acetyl CoA |
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What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
The resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain. |
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The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on what? |
The session intensity |
