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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Axial skeleton
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* skull, cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
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# appendicular skeleton
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* shoulder girdle and bones distal to those structures, pelvic girdle and bones distal to those structures
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fibrous joints
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* sutures of skull
* allow almost no movement |
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cartilaginous joints
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* allow limited movement
* vertebral disks |
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synovial joints
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* elbow
* allow considerable movement * hyaline cartilage |
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uniaxial joint
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* operate like hinges (elbow)
* rotates on one axis |
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biaxial joint
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* ankle/wrist
* movement around 2 perpendicular axis |
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ultiaxial joint
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* shoulder/hip
* allow movement through all 3 directions |
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vertebral column
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# cervical bones
* 7 # thoracic * 12 # lumbar * 5 # sacral * 5 # coccygeal * 3-5 |
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fleshy attachment
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* mostly found at proximal ends of a muscle
* muscle directly affixed to bone o usually over a wide area o force distributed |
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fibrous attachments
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* tendons
o blend in/contiguous with muscle sheaths and CT surrounding bone (periostieum) |
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synergist
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# assists indirectly in a movement
* control body motion when agonist crosses two joints o in a squat rectus femoris is the agonist + glutes are the synergists - don let back come forward |
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moment arm
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* perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum
o line is infinitely long o passes through point of application of force o oriented in direction in which force is applied |
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torque
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* the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a fulcrum
o magnitude of force x length of moment arm |
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mechanical advantage
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* ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts
o ration above 1.0 - mechanical advantage o below 1.0 - mechanical disadvantage |
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first class lever
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* lever where the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum
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second class lever
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* muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts
* calf muscles raising body up onto balls of feet |
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third class lever
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* muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force active through a shorter moment arm than that through with the the resistive force acts
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sagittal
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sections body into left and right
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frontal
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sections body into front and back
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transverse
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sections body into top and bottom
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acceleration
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change in velocity per unit time
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strength
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the maximal force a muscle or group of muscles can generate at a given velocity
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power
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# the time rate of doing work
* power=work / time |
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Best pairing with an apple flan?
a: Meursault b: Petrus c: Loupiac d: Soave |
c: Loupiac , a lower quality sweet wine from outlying Bordeaux
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angular displacement
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angle through which an object rotates
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angular velocity
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object's rotational speed
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rotational work
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# torque x angular displacement
* also uses to calculate rotational power |
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weight
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9.8m/s^2 x weight in kg= weight in newtons
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What is a Tenuta?
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Italian term for estate, popular in Tuscany
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contcentric muscle action
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contractile muscle force is greater than the external resistive force
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eccentric muscle action
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muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force
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isometric muscle action
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muscle length does not change because resistive and contractile forces are equal
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weight
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mass x acceleration of gravity
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inertia
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weight + inertial force
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inertial force
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mass x upward accereration of bar
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friction
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# the resistive force encountered when attempting to move two objects in contact
* resistive force(Fr) = k x Normal force(Fn) o k is the coefficient of friction for the two substances o Fn is the force pressing the two objects together |
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fluid resistance
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# Fr = k x v
* resistive force = constant reflecting characteristics of cylinder and piston, viscosity of fluid, number, size and shape of orifices x piston velocity |
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elasticity
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* Fr = k x X
o k is constant o X is distance elastic is stretched beyond resting length |
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negative work and power
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* since power = force x velocity, when force is exerted in opposition to the movement of a load power has a negative sign
o i.e. controlled lowering during a bench * occurs during eccentric movements * denote work performed on a muscle, not by one |