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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the knee is what type of joint? |
synovial
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the definition of power
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force x velocity
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what is the classic formula to compare loads lifted by athletes in olympic lifting
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load lifted/ body weight to the two-thirds power
(accounts for cross-sectional area vs volume) |
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what does muscle force vary with during a free weight exercise
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perpendicular distance from the weight to the body and movement acceleration
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a vertical jump involves knee, hip and shoulder movement primarily in what anatomic plane?
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saggital |
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what types of levers occur at the elbow during a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise?
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first-class and third-class |
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what muscle acts synergistically with the rectus femoris during the upward movement of the low-bar back squat?
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biceps femoris
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what upper arm muscle groups and type of muscle actions are associated with the dumbbell biceps curl exercise?
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flexors- eccentric and concentric actions
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during isokinetic testing at high angular velocities the approximate torque capability of eccentric muscle actions as compared to concentric muscle actions is how much greater
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120% greater
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what class lever does a triceps push-down involve
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a first-class lever
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when comparing two athletes performing the back squat, the SC professional should use what formula to calculate power?
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work/time
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a standing calf raise involves what class lever?
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second class lever
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what is the prime mover and correct muscle action involved in pulling down a rebound in a basketball game?
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latissimus dorsi and concentric
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Force production during the leg extension exercise is affected by the angle of the hip joint due to the activation capabilities of which muscle?
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rectus femoris
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will the downward movement phase of the triceps push down lengthen or shorten the I bands of the sarcomeres in the biceps brachii muscle
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lengthen-its eccentric action
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during the upward movement phase of the front squat exercise, what muscle acts as an antagonist to the concentric movement
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gluteus maximus
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how many bones are in the body
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206
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what is the axial skeleton
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skull (cranium)
vertebral colum (C1-coccyx) ribs sternum |
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what is the appendicular skeleton
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shoulder girdle (pec girdle)- L/R scapula and clavicle
bones of wrists, arms, hands- L/R humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges bones of legs, ankles, feet- L/R femus, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
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What are the types of joints
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fibrous
cartilaginous synovial |
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a joint that allows virtually no movement (like sutures of the skull)
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fibrous jointse
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allow limited movement (intervertebral disks)
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cartilaginous joints
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allow considerable movement (elbow/knee)
most sport and exs movements low friction and large ROM |
synovial joints
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what covers articulating bone ends
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hyaline cartilage
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the entire joint is enclosed with a capsule filled with what?
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synovial fluid
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a joint that operates as a hinge, and essentially rotates about only one axis (example is elbow and typically knee)
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uniaxial
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a joint that allows movement about two perpendicular axis (example is ankle or wrist)
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biaxial
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a joint that allows movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space (examples; shoulder/hip, ball and socket joints)
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multiaxial
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describe the vertebral column
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7 cervical (neck region)
12 thoracic (middle-upper back) 5 lumbar (lower back) 5 sacral (rear part of pelvis) 3-5 coccygeal (tail down from pelvis) |
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the prime mover, most directly involved in bringing about the movement
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agonist
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slows down or stops movement
assists in joint stabilization and braking the limb at the end of fast movement protects ligamentous & cartilaginous joint structures from destructive forces |
antagonist
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a muscle that assists indirectly in a movement
required to help control body motion when the agonist is a muscle that crosses two joints |
synergist
-muscles that stabilize scapula are synergists in upper arm movements -ex: rectus femoris (flexes hip and extends knee)=gluteaus max is a synergist in a squat |
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a rigid or semirigid body that when subjected to a force whose line of action doesn't pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate
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lever
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the pivot point of a lever
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fulcrum
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the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the forces to the fulcrum (force arm, lever arm, torque arm)
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moment arm
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the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum
also called moment- it is defined quantitatively as the magnitude of a force x the length of its moment arm |
torque
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force generated by biomechanical activity or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw opposite ends of a muscle toward each other
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muscle force
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force generated by a source external to the body (gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force
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resistive force
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the ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts
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mechanical advantage
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a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum
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first class lever
ex: tricep push down exercise elbow extension against resistance |
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a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts
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second class lever
ex: standing calf raise (the required muscle force is smaller than the resistive force, body weight) |
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a lever for which the muscle force and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum, with muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts
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third class lever
ex: biceps curl exercise (elbow flexion against resistance) |
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what are the anatomical planes of the body
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saggital (midline)-bi curl
transverse (top/bottom)-dumbbell fly frontal (front/back)-lateral raise |
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the ability to exert force
-or- the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity |
strength
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mass x acceleration
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Force
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change in velocity per unit time
its associated with resistive force (Newton's 2nd law) |
acceleration
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the time rate of doing work
work/time (the measurement of the ability to exert force at higher speeds) |
power
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the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves in the direction in which the force is exerted
force x distance |
work
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the force a muscle can exert is related to its __________ rather than its volume
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Cross Sectional Area
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the first few weeks of training improvements are a result of what?
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neural adaptations=the brain learns how to generate force from a given amount of contractile tissue
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fibers that align obliquely with the tendon (feather-like arrangement)
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pennate musccle
-muscles with greater pennation have more sarcomeres in parallel and fewer sarcomeres in a series (better able to generate force, but have a lower max shortening velocity then non pennate muscles) |
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give an example of each type of pennated muscle:
multipennate Bipennate Unipennate |
multipennate-deltoid
Bipennate-rectus femoris Unipennate-tibialis posterior |
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arrangement of muscle fibers types: give examples
radiate longtitudinal fusiform pennate |
longtitudinal-rectus abdominis
fusiform - biceps brachii pennate-rectus femoris |
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at resting length, where are the myosin and actin filaments? and what happens to the H zone and z lines?
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1. actin and myosin lie next to each other (max potential cross-bridge sites are available)
2. the h-zone disappears 3. the z-lines move closer together |
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Muscle shortens because contractile force is greater than resistive force
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concentric muscle action
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muscle lengthens because contractile forces is less than resistive force
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eccentric muscle action
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muscle length doesn't change because the cone contractile force is equal to the resistive force
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isometric muscle action
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what does the strength to mass ratio
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directly reflects an athlete's accelerate ability to accelerate their body
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a weight held at a static position or moved at a constant velocity exerts constant
resistance only in the downward direction. upward or lateral acceleration of weight requires additional what? |
force
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The resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is pressed against another object
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friction (cycle ergometry)
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the resistive force encountered by an object moving through a fluid (liquid or gas) or by a fluid moving past or around an object or orifice
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fluid resistance
swimming, rowing, baseball pitching, sprinting |
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rotator cuff is made of what muscles
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supraspinatus
infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis |
