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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acai berry is a good source of what 3 acids? |
Palmitic, linoleic, oleic |
|
Acai berry is what type of fruit? |
It is a black-purple drupe from a palm tree |
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The acai berry is considered as having ___ antioxidant capacity? |
high |
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What fruit is common in health claims and scams? |
Acai berry, it has no proven unique health benefits (compared to similar dark-colored fruit-blueberries) |
|
What regions is acai berry native to? |
Central and S. America |
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What regions is the fig native? |
Native to Middle East and Western Asia |
|
What is one of the first human cultivated plants? |
the edible fig |
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T/F: Figs can be eaten fresh or dried, and used in Jam making? |
True |
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The kiwi is what type of fruit? |
The edible berry of a woody vine |
|
The kiwi is native to what country? |
China |
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T/F: The kiwi has significant levels of dietary fiber, which means it is mild laxative effects |
True |
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What is Pavlova? |
Made from kiwi. An important dessert in Australia and New Zealand. It is a meringue dessert with a crisp crust and soft, light inside. |
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Raw kiwi fruit is rich in protein degrading enzyme ____ used as a meat tenderizer. |
actinidin; which makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing dairy products. |
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T/F: Kiwi is high in Mg, Zinc, Vitamins A, C, and E. |
True |
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The chermimoya is also known as the what? |
custard apple |
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The cherimoya is indigenous to the interandean valleys of? |
Ecuador, Columbia, and Bolivia. |
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T/F: Cherimoya is a good source of Dietary fiber, B6, potassium, and vitamin C |
True |
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What type of fruit is cherimoya? |
Aggregate fruit |
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What is cherimoya generally made into? |
dessert items |
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Pitahaya is also known as? |
dragon fruit, strawberry pear |
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What kind of plant does the pitahaya come from? |
from a cactus |
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The pitahaya is native to which 3 regions? |
Mexico, Central and South America |
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What fruit is low in calories and often used for weight loss? Also believed by some to have detoxifying qualities. |
pitahaya aka dragon fruit or strawberry pear |
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T/F: the pitahaya has a creamy pulp and a delicate aroma? |
True |
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Why is the pitahaya easily broken down in the body? |
Does not have complex carbs |
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T/F: the pitahaya is high in fiber, vitamin C, lycopene, and betalins |
true |
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What type of fruit is the durian? |
It is a melon-sized capsule with a spiny exocarp. |
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What is an aril? |
The term is sometimes applied to any fleshy appendage of the seed in flowering plants, such as the mace of the nutmeg seed. |
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The Indian Gooseberry or Amla is grown in what region? |
It is from a tree that grows in India and the middle east |
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The India Gooseberry has excellent healing powers that lead to it being known in Sanskrit as Dhatri which means? |
Nurse; Considered as the strong rejuvenator in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. |
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T/F: the Indian Gooseberry is sour, astringent in taste, with a sweet, bitter, and pungent aftertaste? |
True |
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What fruit is an excellent diuretic and a good cardiac tonic, as well as rich in polyphenols? |
The Indian Gooseberry aka Amla |
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In South India, the Indian Gooseberry is pickled with salt, oil, and spices, or cooked with what dish? |
Dhal |
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Amle ka murabbah, a sweet dish indigenous to the northern part of India, is traditionally consumed after meals. What fruit is it made from? |
The Indian Gooseberry aka Amla |
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What fruit grows in the semiarid regions of southern and central Africa (kalahari desert)? |
the kiwano aka African horned cucumber or jelly melon |
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T/F: the kiwano is eaten as a supplement, is very low in calories, and improves satiety. |
True |
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What type of fruit is a kiwano? |
pepo |
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What type of fruit is the Indian Gooseberry? |
berry |
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What type of fruit is the American Persimmon? |
berry |
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T/F: the american Persimmon is rich in dietary fiber and vitamin C? It is eaten raw, cooked, or dried |
True |
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The Genus name for American Persimmon is Diospyros which means? |
Devine fruit |
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Unripe American Persimmon is an astingent, which means? |
causing the contraction of body tissues, typically of the skin. |
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Molasses can be made from the fruit pulp of what? |
American Persimmon |
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What is the largest citrus fruit? |
The pummelo aka Chinese Grapefruit or Shddock |
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T/F: the pummelo is native to SE Asia and is high in dietary fiber and vitamin C. |
True |
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Which fruit is has a low glycemic index ? |
american persimmon |
|
T/F: The Sapota or sapodilla is a brown fruit with a sweet flesh. It is native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Now widely cultivated in SE Asia. It is rich in fiber and Vitamin C. |
True |
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Immature sapotas are rich in ___ and ___ which makes it very astringent. |
latex, tannin |
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What are 2 drupaceous nuts? |
Walnuts, pecans |
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What are 3 true nuts? |
hazelnuts, cashew nuts, chestnuts |
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What nut is actually the seed of a capsule? |
the brazil nut |
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What 3 nuts are actually pits of drupes? |
Almonds, coconuts, pistachios |
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What are phytochemicals? |
+ non-nutritive + plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventative properties + There are 1000+ known phytochemicals + Many have antioxidant properties + Brightly pigmented fruits are generally rich in antioxidants |
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What colors are carotenoids? |
yellow and orange |
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what colors are anthocyanins? |
purple or blueish or red |
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what colors are betalains? |
Red to Violet, also yellow to orange |
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what colors are anthoxanthins? |
creamy white or colorless |
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what two phytochemicals are the most abundant in fruits? |
carotenoids and anthocyanins |
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What will cause blueberries to turn green? How to fix this? |
Adding baking soda to a recipe will cause anthocyanins to develop green coating due to alkalinity
You can add milk and baking powder instead |
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What can happen when you add canned orange or pineapple juice with red or purple fruit juices? How to fix this? |
It results in an undesirable blue color.
You can buy juice in a glass instead. |
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Cooking fruits in water results in a ? |
sauce |
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Cooking fruits in sugar syrup results in what? |
maintaining fruit shape |
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What ester is found in pineapple, which gives it its aroma? |
methyl butyrate |
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Fruits contain a mixture of organic acids, but one component may predominate in each fruit. Organic acids give what kind of flavor? |
Give fruits tartness and slow down bacterial spoilage |
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Tartaric acid is an organic acid found in what fruit? |
grapes |
|
Malic acid is an organic acid found in what fruit? |
apples |
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What happens to tannins during ripening? |
they become less soluble |
|
What happens to pectin during ripening? |
It goes from:
propectin (hard) --> pectin (tender-crisp)
--> pectic acid (mushy) |
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What do pectins in solution form when sugar and acid are added? |
They form gels; this is the basis of jelly manufacturing.
Propectin and pectic acid are ineffective at forming gels |
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What is jelly made from? |
pectin |
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Apples enhance the ripening of other fruits; which is caused by? |
ethylene gas |
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T/F: peeling, cutting, or injuring fruit will induce ethylene production. |
true |
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What happens during fruit ripening? |
-Decrease in acidity and increase in sugar along with production of volatile compounds promote the flavor of the fruits. -Ethylene gas is a natural plant hormone which promotes fruit ripening.
|
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Why are absorbents such as charcoal or palladium chloride placed in a sealed package of processed fruit? |
To control ethylene gas |
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What happens to tannins after ripening? |
become less soluble |
|
What happens to acids after ripening? |
acids decrease |
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T/F: apples enhance the ripening of other fruit |
true; from ethylene gas |
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Why is grape juice pasteurized? |
to prevent fermentation |
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What the most commons types of fruit drinks? |
lemonades |
|
What is lassi? |
Lassi is a popular, traditional, yogurt-based drink from India & Pakistan. Lassi is a blend of yogurt, water, spices and sometimes, fruit. Traditional lassi (a.k.a., "salted lassi", or simply, "lassi") is a savoury drink, sometimes flavoured with ground and roasted cumin. Sweet lassi, however, contains sugar or fruits, instead of spices. |
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T/F: Caffeine is an alkaloid with some medicinal values but harmful in large quantities. |
True |
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T/F: Coffee originated in regions adjacent to Southwestern Asia is now used by over half the world's population. |
true |
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Coffee beans are what type of plant part? |
seeds |
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Coffee is actually what type of fruit? |
Drupe |
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What is the volatile oil in coffee responsible for the flavor and aroma? |
caffeol |
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T/F: Only three species out of the 25 species of Coffea are commercially available |
true |
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What species is the source of over 90% of the world's coffee supply? |
Coffea arabica |
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Where is coffea arabica native to? |
Abyssinia (Ethiopia) |
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C. Caephora (C. Robusta) is called? |
Congo coffee |
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What coffee species has a higher % of caffeine than C. Arabica? |
C. Robusta |
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What coffee is native to the Congo region of Africa but is also cultivated elsewhere? |
C. Robusta |
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What coffee is inferior to Arabian coffee? |
C. Robusta |
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What coffee is useful for making decaf or instant coffee? |
C. Robusta |
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What species is Liberian coffee? |
Coffea liberica |
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What species of coffee is bitter, native to the West cost of Africa and primarily used in blends and flavored coffee - for aroma and flavor? |
Coffea Liberica |
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Which coffee is inferior to Rubusta or Arabica? |
Liberian |
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T/F: Decaffeination originally used chlorine but now uses reverse osmosis? |
true |
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T/F: Espresso started in France in the early 19th century. Italian culture revolves around espresso. |
True |
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T/F: In Sumatra coffee leaves are steeped and yields a wholesome and good flavored beverage. |
true |
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Both chocolate and cocoa are prepared from seeds of the cacao or cocoa tree, which is the species called ______ that is native to the lowlands of tropical America. |
Theobroma cacao |
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How are the seeds of cacao pods prepared? |
They are fermented then roasted to allow the flavor and aroma to develop |
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The nibs of cacao contain what chemical? |
theobromine |
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What is chocolate liquor made from? |
a dark brown oily paste made from crushed nibs |
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What is baking chocolate made from? |
solidified chocolate liquor |
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What is cocoa butter made from? |
It is the fat from the chocolate liquor |
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What is cocoa powder made from? |
Ground remainders after fat is removed |
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How is confectionary chocolate made? |
It is formed when the cocoa butter is mixed with chocolate liquor along with sugar, milk and vanilla |
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What is the most popular caffeinated beverage? |
tea |
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What is tea prepared from? |
The dried leaves of Camellia Sinesis |
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Where is tea native? |
Assam, India & China |
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What does the grade of tea depend on? |
the age of the leaves |
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What causes the flavor and quality of tea to vary? |
Vary with soil, climate, age of the leaf, time of picking and method of preparation |
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What are the 5 steps in tea processing? |
withering, oxidation, fermentation, firing and drying |
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What are golden tips? |
extreme apical bud (youngest) only |
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What leaf is orange pekoe? |
the next smallest leaf after golden tips |
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What are the highest grade of leaves reffered to? |
Orange Pekoe |
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What are the lowest grades of tea leaves called? |
fannings or dust |
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What is the second leaf after orange pekoe? |
Pekoe |
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What is the 3rd leaf after orange pekoe? |
pekoe-souchong |
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What is the 4th leaf after orange pekoe? |
Souchong |
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What is the 5th leaf after orange pekoe? |
Congou |
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What chemical is found in tea besides caffeine? |
theophylline and essential oil -theo (smell and flavor) |
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What essential oil gives tea its smell and flavor? |
theophylline |
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What is white tea? |
straight tea, not crushed or fermented or processed |
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Why does tea become bitter when steeped too long? |
the tannin dissolves |
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What is Yerba Mate? |
A tea beverage, from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, a native tree of South America |
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What is Asi? |
from the leaves of Ilex vomitoria, native to South Eastern USA |
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What is Guayusa? |
from the leaves of Ilex guayusa, found in Amazon region of South America |
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What is Guarana? |
from the seeds of Paullinia cupana, of the Amazon region |
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What plant part is Guarana made from? |
a seed |
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Where is Yerba Mate popular? |
S. America (Paraguay tea) "Drink of Friendship" |
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How is Yerba Mate usually consumed with others? |
The time of consumption comes when friends are gathered round a hollow calabash (bottle) gourd, all sharing from a metal straw that serves as a strainer |
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What is the bran? |
The bran is the multi-layered outer skin of the edible kernel. It contains important antioxidants, B vitamins and fiber. |
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What part of a grain contains important antioxidants, B vitamins and fiber. |
The bran |
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What is the germ? |
The germ is the embryo which has the potential to sprout into a new plant. It contains many B vitamins, some protein, minerals, and healthy fats. |
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What part of the grain is the embryo, and contains many B vitamins, some protein, minerals and healthy fats? |
The germ is the embryo which has the potential to sprout into a new plant. It contains many B vitamins, some protein, minerals, and healthy fats. |
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What part of the grain is the endosperm? |
The endosperm is the germ’s food supply, which provides essential energy to the young plant so it can send roots down for water and nutrients, and send sprouts up for sunlight’s photosynthesizing power.
The endosperm is by far the largest portion of the kernel. It contains starchy carbohydrates, proteins and small amounts of vitamins and minerals. |
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What part of the grain is the largest portion of the kernel, and contains starchy carbs and small amounts of vitamins and minerals? |
the endosperm |
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What is the dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of cereal grains that is indigestible to humans? |
They are bracts (called glumes, lemmas, husk, hull, paleas). Once it is removed it is often referred to as chaff. |
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What is triticale and is it a cereal grain? |
Yes, it is a hybrid of wheat and rye, grown similarly to rye. |
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The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called ____? |
threshing–traditionally done by milling or pounding. |
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Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called ____? |
Winnowing – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind which gradually blows the lighter chaff away.
This method typically utilizes a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down. |
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What are two pseudograins? |
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal, as it is in the Polygonaceae family, not Poaceae.
Quinoa is in the family amaranthacae; used for it's edible seed. |
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T/F: Rye, Oats, Millet, Triticale, Sorghum, Barley, wheat, rice, maize (corn), kamut and teff are all true cereal grains from the family poaceae. |
Yes |
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T/F: Vitamins and Fiber are generally not present in refined wheat grains |
True |
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What is wheat berry? Is it whole grain? |
yes |
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What is cracked wheat? Is it whole grain? |
Yes;
Cracked wheat is a wheat product made from whole raw wheat kernels which are crushed or cut into smaller pieces. There are a large number of uses for this food, and it makes a popular dietary supplement in many cultures.
bulgur wheat, is also made by cracking wheat kernels. Bulgur, however, is made from wheat kernels which are steamed and toasted before cracking, so that they develop a rich, nutty flavor. Bulgur also requires minimal cooking, since it is already partially cooked. Cracked wheat, on the other hand, uses whole raw wheat berries. Numerous other types of cracked grain are also available for use in various recipes and animal fodder. |
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What is wheat germ? Is it whole grain? |
No
|
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What is wheat bran? Is it whole grain? |
No
Wheat bran would leave out the endosperm and the germ. |
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What is farina? Is it whole grain? |
No because it is coarsely ground endosperm. |
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What is bulgur wheat? Is it whole grain? |
Prepared from boiled, dried, cracked wheat kernals that are sorted by size. Nutritious and suitable for quick side dishes, pilafs, tabouli or salads.
Bulgur has more fiber than quinoa, oats, millet, buckwheat or corn.
In the US, the FDA has defined all bulgur as whole grain.
It is usually sold parboiled and dried, with only a very small amount of the bran partially removed. Bulgur is sometimes confused with cracked wheat, which is crushed wheat grain that has not been parboiled.
bulgur wheat, is also made by cracking wheat kernels. Bulgur, however, is made from wheat kernels which are steamed and toasted before cracking, so that they develop a rich, nutty flavor. Bulgur also requires minimal cooking, since it is already partially cooked. Cracked wheat, on the other hand, uses whole raw wheat berries. Numerous other types of cracked grain are also available for use in various recipes and animal fodder.
|
|
What is parboiling? |
Parboiling (or leaching) is the partial boiling of food as the first step in cooking. The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, and to soften vegetables before roasting them. |
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Paraguay tea is also known as: |
Yerba Mate |
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Taiwan is known for its ____ tea processing. |
Oolong |
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Theophylline is not found in chocolate nibs because it is found in what? |
Tea |
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The smallest leaf below the youngest bud in tea is: |
Orange Pekoe |
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Over 90% of the world's coffee supply comes from: |
Arabian Coffee |
|
What are groats?
|
Groats (or in some cases, "berries"), are the hulled kernels of various cereal grains such asoat, wheat, and rye. Groats are whole grains that include the cereal germ and fiber-rich bran portion of the grain as well as the endosperm (which is the usual product of milling).
Groats can also be produced from pseudocereal seeds such as buckwheat. |
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What are steel cut oats? |
Groats are nutritious but hard to chew, so they are often soaked before cooking. Groats are used in soups and porridges: steel-cut oats is simply another name for sliced oat groats. |
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What grain, unlike other grains has a fiber rich endosperm? |
Rye |
|
What part of the grain is usually rich in fiber? |
The bran |
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What is one of the smallest grains? |
Teff |
|
Flat breads, chapati & pasta are mostly made from: |
Durum wheat |
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What is farina made from? |
Farina is made from the germ and endosperm of the grain, which is milled to a fine granular consistency and then sifted. Because the branand most of the germ are removed, this cereal is sometimes enriched with Vitamin B and iron. Farina, by itself, is most often served as a breakfast cereal, but can also be cooked like polenta. Farina can also be used to make farofa. Cream of Wheat, Malt-O-Meal, and Farina are brand names of a type of wheat farina used for breakfast cereal. |
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What does semolina mean? |
Semolina is the coarse, purified wheat middlings of durum wheat used in making pasta,breakfast cereals, puddings, and couscous.[1] The term semolina is also used to designate coarse middlings from other varieties of wheat, and from other grains, such as rice and maize. |
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What is durum wheat? |
Durum wheat or macaroni wheat is the only tetraploid species of wheat of commercial importance that is widely cultivated today.
It was developed by artificial selection of the domesticated emmer wheat.
Durum in Latin means "hard", and the species is the hardest of all wheats. Its high protein content, as well as its strength, make durum good for special uses, the most well-known being pasta, which in Italy is exclusively made from durum wheat.[5]Durum wheat is used extensively in breadmaking. However, it is unusual in that, despite very high protein content, it is low in desirable gluten needed to form a glutinous web necessary for bread to rise. As a result, although 100 percent durum wheat breads do exist, such as pagnotte di Enna or "rimacinato" bread from Sicily, as well as others, in most instances bread doughs contain only a portion of durum wheat and are supplemented substantially with commercial white flours, often those higher in gluten necessary to offset the poor gluten contribution of durum flour.
When durum flour is used as the sole flour in bread, substantial additions of isolated wheat gluten are necessary for rising to occur. Without it, 100 percent durum wheat breads are often heavy, with very close grain, and will split easily when risen for baking. |
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What wheat is tertraploid, having 28 chromosomes? |
Durum wheat |
|
What is parboiled rice? |
Parboiled rice (also called converted rice) is rice that has been partially boiled in the husk.
The three basic steps of parboiling are soaking, steaming and drying. These steps also make rice easier to process by hand, boost its nutritional profile and change its texture. About 50% of the world’s paddy production is parboiled.
Parboiling drives nutrients, especially thiamin, from the bran to the endosperm, hence parboiled white rice is 80% nutritionally similar to brown rice. Because of this, parboiling was adopted by North American rice growers in the early 20th century.
Parboiled rice takes less time to cook and is firmer and less sticky. In North America parboiled rice is either partially or fully precooked before sale. Minerals such as zinc or iron are added, increasing their potential bioavailability in the diet. |
|
What is Arborio rice? |
Arborio rice is an Italian short-grain rice. It is named after the town of Arborio, in the Po Valley, where it is grown. When cooked, the rounded grains are firm, creamy, and chewy, due to its higheramylopectin starch content; thus, it has a starchy taste but blends well with other flavours.
It is used to make risotto, although Carnaroli, Maratelli and Vialone Nano are sometimes used to prepare the dish. Arborio rice is also used for rice pudding. |
|
What is red yeast rice? |
Red yeast rice, is a bright reddish purple fermented rice, which acquires its colour from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus. Chinese and Japanese.
Reduces cholesterol |
|
What is instant rice? |
Instant rice, also known as minute rice, is rice that has been precooked and dehydrated so that it cooks more rapidly. Regular rice requires 10-15 minutes to cook while instant rice needs anywhere between five and 10 minutes. Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply re-hydrate it with hot water. |
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Which fruit is known as "Divine fruit?" |
American Persimmon |
|
This fruit is known as "dhatri" in Sanskrit. Which one? |
Amla aka Indian gooseberry |
|
More than 90% of dry matter in most fruits is what? |
Sugars |
|
What is an ancient Egyptian word for wheat? |
Kamut; it is richer than wheat in protein and vitamin E. |
|
What is known as middle eastern pasta? |
Bulgur wheat |
|
What is yellow hominy made from? Is it whole grain? |
It is made from stone-ground (non-degerming) corn kernel
|
|
What is white hominy made from? |
Made from polished (bran and germ removed) corn kernals |
|
What products is polished corn used to make? |
White hominy, grits, corn meal, corn flour, corn flakes |
|
What products is stone-ground (whole grain) corn kernels used to make? |
yellow hominy, corn meal |
|
What is the result of alkaline cooked corn kernels? |
pericarp (bran) removed by alkali solution; used to make masa flour, which makes tortilla chips and corn chips. |
|
What is a variety of maize with a high sugar content? |
sweet corn |
|
field corn or dent is the name of the cereal grain for? |
maize |
|
What is one of the most used cereal grains? |
rice |
|
Where is corn plant native to ? |
America |
|
Where is rice plant native to? |
Asia |
|
T/F: there 40k rice varieties grown world-wide. |
True |
|
Describe long grain rice |
-light & fluffy when cooked -high amylose content
ex: basmati jasmine |
|
Describe short grain rice |
-less amylose, very sticky -absorb less water in cooking
ex: sushi rice |
|
Describe medium grain rice |
-less amylose, absorbs less water in cooking than long grain rice
ex: arborio italian risotto |
|
What are 3 examples of glutinous rice? |
sticky rice sweet rice waxy rice |
|
Where do the rices red poha and white poha come from? |
Flakes from rice
Flattened rice (also called beaten rice) is a dehusked rice which is flattened into flat light dry flakes.They are most famously known as "Pohe" in malwa region, also they are considered to be originated in the malwa region itself. These flakes of rice swell when added to liquid, whether hot or cold, as they absorb water, milk or any other liquids. The thicknesses of these flakes vary between almost translucently thin (the more expensive varieties) to nearly four times thicker than a normal rice grain. |
|
What is black rice? |
aka forbidden rice
-short grain that turns indigo when cooked +anthocyanins |
|
What is red rice? |
Red rice is a special variety of rice that is red in color because it contains anthocyanin. It is generally unhulled or partially hulled rice which has a red husk, rather than the much more common brown. Red rice has a nutty flavor, and a high nutritional value, as the germ of the rice is left intact. |
|
T/F: Wild Rice is not related to Asian rice; it is a delicacy in North America |
true |
|
T/F: oats are mostly eaten unrefined |
True |
|
What are rolled oats? |
Rolled oats are traditionally oat groats that have been de-husked, steamed and then rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers before being stabilized by being lightly toasted. The oat, like the other cereals, has a hard, inedible outer husk that must be removed before the grain can be eaten. After the outer husk (or chaff) has been removed from the still bran-covered oat grains, the remainder is called oat groats. Oat groats are a whole grain that can be used as a breakfast cereal; various forms of oatmeal and rolled oats, and pinhead oats are cooked to make porridge or porage |
|
What is difference between steel-cut oats and rolled oats? |
Steel-cut oats are oat groats that have been chopped into smaller pieces before any steaming instead of being rolled out after steaming.
BOTH ARE WHOLE GRAIN PRODUCTS; except rolled oats that are sold as oatmeal usually, but not always, have had the tough bran removed.
|
|
How are quick-cooking oats prepared? |
Small flakes made from steel-cut oats;
Since the bran layer, though nutritious, makes the grains tough to chew and contains an enzyme that can cause the oats to go rancid, raw oat groats are often further steam-treated to soften them for a quicker cooking time (modern "quick oats") and to denature the enzymes for a longer shelf life. |
|
Scottish oats refer to? |
Steel-cut oats |
|
What cereal grain has a lower glycemic index than others? |
Rye; is unusual among grains for the high level of fiber in its endosperm and bran;
which results in less carbs, which results in lower glycemic index |
|
What is one of the oldest cultivated grains? |
Barley |
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What is a fruit? |
In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. Fruits are the means by which these plants disseminate seeds.
The botanical sense of "fruit" includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits", such as bean pods, corn kernels,wheat grains, and tomatoes.
As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy (as in berries or drupes), or form a hard outer covering (as in nuts).
In some multiseeded fruits, the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules.
In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it.
In other cases, the sepals, petals and/or stamens and style of the flower fall off. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit.
Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms.
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What is a pome? |
The pome fruits of the family Rosaceae, (including apples, pears, rosehips, and saskatoon berry) are a syncarpous fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary. |
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What is a berry? |
berry is a fleshy fruit produced from a single flower and containing one ovary. Grapes and bananas are two common examples. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp.
Avocado, banana, blueberry, coffee berries, cranberry, indian gooseberry, goji berries, grape, honeysuckle, persimmon, pumpkin, tomato, watermelon
The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as peppers, that have air rather than pulp around their seeds. |
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What is a hesperidium? |
A modified berry with a tough, leathery rind. The peel contains volatile oil glands in pits. The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called carpels, filled with fluid-filled vesicles that are actually specialized hair cells.
The outer ovary wall becomes the thick spongy layer of the rind, while the inner ovary wall becomes very juicy with several seeds.
Unlike most other berries, the rind of cultivated hesperidia is generally not eaten with the fruit because it is tough and bitter. A common exception is the kumquat, which is consumed entirely. |
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What is a drupe? |
In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit, stone, or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside.
These fruits usually develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries (polypyrenous drupes are exceptions).
The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, lignified stone (or pit) is derived from the ovary wall of the flower.
Other fleshy fruits may have a stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes.
Some flowering plants that produce drupes are coffee, jujube,mango, olive, most palms (including date, sabal, coconut andoil palms), pistachio, white sapote, and all members of the genus Prunus, including the almond (in which the mesocarp is somewhat leathery), apricot, cherry, damson, nectarine, peach, and plum. |
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What is a pepo? |
A modified berry with a hard outer rind, typical of cucurbitaceae such as cucumbers and melons.
Squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds, watermelon, cucumber, various melons, luffa
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What is an aggregate fruit? |
a fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower, e.g., a raspberry.
A fruit that develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separate in a single flower. In contrast, a simple fruit develops from one ovary.
Not all flowers with multiple ovaries form aggregate fruit; the ovaries of some flowers do not become tightly joined together to make a larger fruit.
Aggregate fruits may also be accessory fruits, in which parts of the flower other than the ovary become fleshy and form part of the fruit. |
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What is a simple fruit? |
a fruit that develops from a single ovary.
Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy, and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary in a flower with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). |
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What is a drupelet? |
One of the small drupe-like subdivisions which compose the outer layer of certain fruits such as raspberries or blackberries.
ex. rasberry, dewberry, blackberry |
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What is an achene? |
a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed.
Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the receptacle that holds the ovaries. Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it. |
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What is an accessory fruit? |
A fruit in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel.
Examples of accessory tissue are the receptacle of the strawberry, pineapple, common fig, or mulberry, and the calyx of Gaultheria procumbens or Syzygium jambos.
Pomes, such as apples and pears, are also accessory fruits, with much of the fruit flesh derived from a hypanthium.
Fruit with fleshy seeds, such as pomegranate or mamoncillo, are not considered to be accessory fruit. |
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What is a multiple fruit? |
A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. Examples are the pineapple, fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. |
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Why is fruit sulfured? |
Sulfuring: Sulfuring is an old method of pretreating fruits. Sublimed sulfur is ignited and burned in an enclosed box with the fruit. The sulfur fumes penetrate the fruit and act as a pretreatment by retarding spoilage and darkening of the fruit. The sulfur fumes also reduce the loss of vitamins A and C. Fruits must be sulfured out-of-doors where there is adequate air circulation. |
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What is the water content of fruit? |
Fruit water percentage varies from 74% in bananas to 92% in watermelon and strawberries. |