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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is kinship/descent?
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a social group (kin group) composed of people defined (who recognize the same ancestor or group of ancestors
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What are the types of Kinship?
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1) unilinear
2) cognatic |
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Unilinear
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defined as recognizing ancestors through a single line of descent (parental line)
-patrilineal -matrilineal |
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Cognatic
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Defined as tracing ancestry out through at web that doesn't create unilinear groups
- based on ancestry of both parents |
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The economy in anthropological terms
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the economy is a system of ownership, consumption, distribution, and productivity of goods and services within and across society
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Role material needs/goods play in the economy
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goods = physical or material object that produces some benefit
at the heart of the economy is creation and pursuit of social and individual needs |
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role of social/relationships in the economy
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the economy is a system of relationships based on trust in order to be successful
-social communication |
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Kula Exchange
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Paupa New Guinea - system of exchanging non-use items (white and red shell necklaces) that enhance ones social status
-non monetary exchange -example of house social status drives the economy it's dangerous and risky so it gives them prestige -need to develop relationships in order to gain them |
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types of social relations in the economy
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(1) Family - draw in extended family and relies on trust
(2) Guanxi - networks of non-kin friendships and trust |
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Embeddedness
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All economies are embedded in legal, cultural, status, and political tradition of the societies in which they operate
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Overseas Chinese Embedding
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-extremely dynamic
- cannot rely on local and state governmet t back up contracts because it crosses state boundries and they are considered aliens -so with the absence of a legal system embedded in the state they created the third largest economy in the world- they do it without a legal contract |
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Capitalism in the West
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emerged in a peculiar legal environment and was a form of economic organization embedded in state-based law
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Four Domains of the Economy
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1) property
2) production 3) distribution 4) consumption |
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Property
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the cultural rights for assigning rights of inclusion or exclusion in regards to use of goods and services
-rights of inclusion and exclusion for the use of goods and services -the relationship between people and goods and services -privately or publicly owned -every system relies on system of private rights |
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Production
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the transformation of resources and labor into useful goods and services
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Distribution
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The circulation of goods and services in a society
-market exchange -social reciprocity -redistribution -theft |
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Consumption
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the moment of use of a service or good
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Market Exchange
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exchange is regulated by the simple principles of supply and demand
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Social Reciprocity
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takes place in many areas other than a formal market
- trade of goods and services of equal value *Kula Exchange* |
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Redistribution
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a mode of distribution whereby goods are collected by a certain social authority then used by the social authority for some series of social ends
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Theft
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negative reciprocity
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In what sense where hunters and gatherers the "original affluent society"
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Although hunters and gathers consume less energy per capita per year than any other group of human beings, he believes the hunters were the first affluent society where all peoples wants and needs were easily satisfied because they could either produce a lot or require a little
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How is status an economic intensifier?
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people base status off of wealth. in order to demonstrate wealth one must consume more
*Kula Exchange* *by attaining a good or service is like a social relationship by obtaining good through social communication |
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Characteristics of Bands
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Small in size - largest 500
occupying common territories no formal structure Fighting- defending territory as best you can, if worst comes flee Non stratisfied society (no formal leadership) grew slowly because of population growth |
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Stratification
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the degree of inequality shown in control of economic resources, prestige and power
- bands not stratisfied - very little inequality |
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Population Control
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bands actively controlled population growth through abstinance, abortion, infanticide
-lower population growth in order to keep bands small and not grow over carrying capacity |
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What's the difference between a band and a tribe?
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Tribe: a non-centralized political organization which unites a large number of residential groups and unites them for land management and defense
-they are much larger than bands, territories larger, circumscribed area, stay and defend large and better political organization than a band |
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Broad Spectrum Foraging
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population growth in small habitats led to demoraphic pressure. The search for more food within these habitats forced frages to divesify the types of food sources harvested - broadening the subsistence base outward to include more fish small game etc and previously ignored plants
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Chiefdom
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a political organization where power is centralized in a chief and people are differentiated according to rank
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Types of chiefdoms
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simple
complex |
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Simple Chiefdom
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system of power, ranking
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Complex chiefdom
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emergence of three characteristics of where human society is going to go
a) extensive formal command structure b) economic redistribution is used to sustain things in power- distribution of labor c)emergence of monumental architecture are present |
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Difference Between Tribe and Chiefdom
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Tribe has no centralized political organization and they are unstratisfied meaning there is very little inequality in power. While chiefdom is based on a system of political power and authority where one person has more power than anybody else
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What is the evolutionary tension in a Chiefdom?
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The way in which citizenship is taught is still kinship based ( the chief is kin with everyone in society). This keeps the langauge of politics in the same frame of most of modern human history, yet they differentiate people with power and ranks. Here there is tension because as you press people to produce more resources for the chief you risk undermining the entire kin social contract.
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When and where did the first states appear?
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About 5,500 years ago
Sumer - Mesopotamia Egyptian State Chinese State- yellow River Indian state- Indus River |
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Two views of the origin of a state
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pessimistic view: there is warfare, famine and population displacement in the origin of state
Positive development: states bring acceleration of pace of technological development - opportunities for mobility- first religions |
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5 Main social characteristics of early agrarian state:
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1. Productivity- massive surpluses and taxation to support non-agriculturalists
2. Development of writing - to record tax records 3. Monumental architechture - temples and pyramids to show wealth 4. Ruler defined as God (early)- severing of kinship bond 5. Masses of slaves (with slaves become multiethnic society) |
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States truly the first "plural societies"
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Slavery created a a multiethnic society
creation of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural societies babble of languages of cultures mixed together |
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Characteristics of the political geography of the Old World
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1. Compartimentalized, circumscribed agricultural zones
2. grasslands and deserts had substantial populations of nomadic cultures 3. difficult interaction between nomads and states 4. exception: China and western Europe mountains give protection |
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In what way was China the most enduring empire the world has ever seen?
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Longest standing empire and most populous and wealthy
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What made China so enduring?
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1. Extremely productive irrigation agriculture
2. Han ethnicization 3. Role of the Madarians |
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Han ethnicization
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Han maintained a sense of themselves. Ethnic homogenization: they wanted all citizens to become Han. Becoming Han doesn't bring about a common language but you share an identity - this unites the people
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Role of the Madarians in Chinese Empire
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shared common writing system of mandarin. Mandarians maintained identification with center which allowed people to realign themselves with a broader empire
-literate state beauracracy |
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In 1400 how did the West compare to the ottoman empire and China in terms of population
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The Western population was significantly smaller
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What is a madrasa?
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boarding school for intermediate and adavanced study in Islamic Knowledge
Preserved Greek classics and studied math, astronomy, and the natural sciences provided common education culture and shared world view |
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Madrasas role in creation of a University
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west borrowed the idea of the institution and created the university
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fall of madrasas
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due to decline of interest in scholarly studies while western universities took the idea of madrasa but taught more attainable and useful curriculum
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Characteristics of Western Europe
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1. Rain-fed agriculture
- rich soil over vast area -high human to livestock ratio 2. political multicentrism - multiple river valleys - multiple parties 3. Towns develop due to population growth 4. creates new balance of power - kings 5. Military technology 6. Knowledge - modern university |
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Religion
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is a set of symbols and practices, which relate humans to ultimate conditions of meaning by way of some kind of interaction with super natural beings or states of beings
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Ritual
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the performance of a more or less invariant interaction ceremony with extraordinary super natural beings or states of being
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prehistoric human societies
religious characteristics |
1. Monism- believe in juse one world and this is it
2. world affirming - there is no separation from this world and another 3. rituals concerned with here an now (harmony, health, well being) 4. Religious community and society are one |
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Earlier Agrarian states
religious characteristics |
1. Dualistic - there is really two realities
2. Internalize dualism into personal identity- they split identity (one is flawed and corrupt and the other is something elevated) 3. Emphases on the macro- create cosmos for all or perhaps a large part of humanity 4. Devote great resources to developing resources, institutions, scriptures, to be the religious property to all the believe |