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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
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Associative Learning |
organisms learn that certain events occur together. Two types of associative learning are: Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. |
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Classical Conditioning |
created by Pavlov, a type of learning in which neutral stimulus (NS) becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US). |
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Behaviorism |
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors without reference to mental processes. |
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Unconditioned Response (UR) |
unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response. |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from acquired association between CS and US. |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Acquistion |
initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened. In operant conditioning, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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Higher-order conditioning |
pairing a CS with a neutral stimulus may cause the latter to become weak CS itself. |
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Extinction |
the weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US; in operant condition, extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period. |
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Generalization |
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original CS to evoke a CR. |
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Discrimination |
in classical conditioning, that refers to the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US. In operant conditioning, it refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced |
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Respondent Behavior |
occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus Ex) CR or UR's |
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Operant Conditioning |
create by Skinner, a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if follow by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Operant Behavior |
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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Law of Effect |
proposed by Thorndike, that states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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Skinner Box (Operant Chamber) |
experimental chamber for operant conditioning on an animal like a pigeon or rat. This chamber enables scientists to investigate present or visual or auditory stimuli, deliver reinforcement or punishment, and measure simple responses. |
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Shaping |
operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Reinforcer |
used in Operant Conditioning which helps strengthen the behavior it follows |
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Positive Reinforcement |
strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response |
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Negative Reinforcement |
strengthens a response by removing an aversive pleasurable stimulus after that response |
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Primary Reinforcers |
powers are inborn and do not depend on learning |
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Conditioned Reinforcers |
stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers; aka secondary reinforcers |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response after every time it occurs. |
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Partial Reinforcement |
operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently, |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
reinforcement is presented after a SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES |
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Variable-Ratio Schedule |
reinforcement is presented after A VARYING NUMBER RESPONSES |
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Fixed-Interval Schedule |
in which a response is reinforced after A SPECIFIED TIME HAS ELAPSED |
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Variable-Interval Schedule |
responses are reinforced after VARYING INTERVALS OF TIME |
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Punishment |
presentation of an aversive stimulus, such has shock, which decreases the behavior it follows |
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Cognitive Map |
Mental picture of one's environment |
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Latent Learning |
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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Intristic Motivation |
desire to perform a behavior for it's own sake, rather than for some external reason and ot be effective |
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Extrinsic Motivation |
desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoir a punishment |
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Observational Learning |
learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others |
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Modeling |
process o watching and then imitating the specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs. |
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Mirror Neurons |
neural basis of observational learning which generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs those actions is observed |
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Prosocial Behavior |
positive, helpful and constructive and is subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior such as aggression |