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110 Cards in this Set
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Thantology
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The study of death, dying & bereavement.
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Sir James Frazer discovered 4 categories of major death-orign myths, they are....
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1. The 2 messengers
2. waxing and waning moon 3. serprent 4. banana tree |
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Death-Origin Myth:
Describe THE 2 MESSENGERS |
-God sends 2 animal messengers to earth
-One carries a message that humans will die -Other carries a message that humans will not die -The first messenger is faster and the humans only receive the message of death |
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Death Origin Myth:
Describe WAXING and WANING MOON |
-At one point people lived and died, only to be reborn again.
-This was an endless cycle. -At some point humans lost this ability -They were left only with the moon as a reminder of the ability |
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Death Origin Myth:
Describe SERPENT |
-God haets snakes so he sent a messenger to earth with 2 msgs
-1 msg was that serpents will shed their skins and die -Other msg said all humans will shed their skins in renewal and live forever -The messenger accidentally mixed the messages, instead delivering "Snakes will live forever and humans will die." |
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Death Origin Myth
Describe BANANA TREE |
-God is gracious and gives the starving people a stone to eat
- The people protest. - God gives them a Banana - The people gladly receive it. - For the demands, God punishes them by dieing after they have children, just like a banana tree. |
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Phillipe Arie stated 5 models of death as viewed by society, they were.....
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1. the tame death
2. death of self. 3. remote & imminent 4. death of other 5. invisible death |
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Explain The Tame Death
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-Death is evil & uncontrollable
-Individual is connected to society so when someone dies, society is weakened. -Afterlife is either spent in blissful sleep or spent haunting the living -Lots of ceremonies & rituals |
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Explain Death of the Self
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-Death is an evil
-Individual is discrete (independent): their death does not weaken society -Either heaven or hell |
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Explain Remote & imminent Death
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-death being portrayed in sexual/erotic terms
-fear of being buried alive -use of the bell system in cemeteries (ring the bell if you're still alive!) - death seen as violent, wild & passionate |
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Death of Other
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-19th century philosophy
-Individuals a part of families, not totally discrete but not completely interwoven with society -Deathbed was romantic -Death no longer feared, it meant leaving earth to be with your loved one |
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The Invisible Death
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-Death like the 'elephant in the room'
-death represented failure of medical science in a time of obsession with its success - Image of death at the bed was replaced with a sanitized image of death on a hospital cart - Fear of dying in a hospital with many machines hooked up to you |
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Palliative Care, and who coined it?
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Coined by Dr Balfour
It is the practice of ensuring a dying person is as comfortable and pain-free as possible when treatment options are no longer available or worth seeking. |
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Hospice
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a setting dedicated to care of terminally ill (long-term) patients
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How did the palliative care movement start in Canada?
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in 1974 with the formation of specialized units within hospitals
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6 goals of thantology
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Personal enrichment (empower yourself with knowledge)
Future plans (able to plan your death and death of others) Participation in society (making laws and policies with death in mind) professional training (aids in doing work that needs this knowledge) communication (makes it easier to discuss/less taboo) understanding berevement (easier to address/identify grieving) |
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attitude
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belief or feeling that gives us the tendency to respond in particular ways to particular things
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death anxiety
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a fear of death
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Euphemism
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Word substituted for another word but has the same meaning or function (i.e. death - passed away)
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Three types of thantology practice
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Micro (clinical practice focusing on one-on-one meetings)
Mezzo (focus on small local groups) Macro (focusing on larger systems like organizations) Macro |
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Glaser & Strauss' 4 types of death awareness
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1. closed awareness (no one speaks about it)
2. suspected awareness (dying suspects their pending death) 3. mutual pretense (everyone knows it, but there is minimal discussion) 4. open awareness (everyone talks openly about it) |
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3 types of death awareness
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Expected (terminally-ill patiennt, old age, etc.)
Badly timed (teenager dying in car accident before graduation) Social death (mentally ill, vegetative state, etc.) |
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Culture
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unified set of beliefs, ideas and values
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Cultural sensitivity: 2 principles
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1. treat the dying & their family with respect
2. Listen nonjudgementally to family and individual |
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Liminality
Who Coined it? |
state of being in transition from one state or identity to another (i.e. earth to heaven, wife to widower, etc.)
Arnold Van Gennep |
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4 common goals of end-of-life rituals
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1. Acknowledge death of person
2. physically remove the body 3. mourn and celebrate the individual 4. support the bereved to reinvest in the business of the living |
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These people believe they are the CHOSEN PEOPLE selected to receive the teachings of the Torah
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The Jews
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The religious leader in Judaism are called a __________
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Rabbi
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The largest religion today is ________
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Christianity
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20% of the worlds population follow this faith
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Islam
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The main prophet of Islam
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Muhammed
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Muhammads teachings are recorded in the holy book of which religion??
What is this book called? |
Islam
Koran |
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what are the 2 branches of Islam?
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Shi'i
and Sunni |
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This religion originates in India
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Hinduism
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What body of philospohy & understanding is Hinduism based on?
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Yoga
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In Hinduism, God is called ____
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Brahman
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Which religion is this?
If enlightenment is not reached by death, the person will be reincarnated based on their karma |
Hinduism
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What are the 4 noble traits of Buddhism
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1. life consits of suffering
2. suffering in life is caused by the illusion of this life & material objects 3. suffering CAN be eliminated 4. the prescription for eliminating suffering is through the eightfold path |
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What are the 2 branches of Buddhism
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Theravada
Mahayana |
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What is NIRVANA
What religion does it belong to? |
To become one with everything
Buddhism |
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What location was Sikhism founded in
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North India
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Sikhism was founded in the ____th century
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16th century
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Sikhism is the ___th largest religion in the world (#)
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5th
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Sikhism requires you to wear 5 items of faith at all times - what are they?
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1. kesh (hair must never be cut)
2. kanga (small wooden comb) 3. kara (wear an iron link bracelet) 4. kaccha (Wear knee length shorts) 5. kirpan (have a dagger on your person) |
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In this religion, the soul is free to travel through spirit worlds upon death. What is it?
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Baha'i
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In this religion' the word RELIGION is not in their vocabulary because there is no seperation between life and religion. Religion IS life - spirtuality is a part of everything. What is it?
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Native Peoples
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What are the 3 Rites of Passage
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1. R/O Seperation (seperation of dying individual from society)
2. R/O Transition (Transitionary period between death and leaving earth) 3. R/O Integration (usher the dead into the spirit world) |
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KADDISH is....
And is practiced in the religion of..... |
A prayer for the Dead
Judiasm |
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In this religion, the body is wrapped in a HAJJ
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Islam
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What is SUTTEE and in what religion is this practiced
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Cremating living widow with her dead husband
Hinduism |
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Merit transference
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This ritual is held 7 days after burial of deceased and is led by monks with prayers to send positive energy and goodwill to the deceased for his/her next incarnation.
buddhism |
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Define Minyan
What religion? |
3rd mourning period lasting one year
Judiasm |
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What are Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' 5 stages of death
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Denial/isolation
Anger bargaining depression acceptance |
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Colin Murray Parkes
Phase model |
Numbness
Searching Depression Recovery |
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John Bowlby Attatchment Model
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Numbing
Searching Disorganization/despair reorganization |
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Catherine Sanders
Integrative Stage Model |
Shock
awareness of loss conservation-withdrawal healing renewal fulfillment |
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Rando's Model
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Recognize the loss
react to seperation recollect and re-experience ties with loved one leave behind these ties readjust and readapt without forgetting reinvest your energy into a new relationship |
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Worden's 4 tasks of mourning
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accept reality of loss
work through pain of grief adjust to a new world reinvest energy into new life |
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Rubin's 2 track Model
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Track 1:
Ability to function & live adaptively after the loss Track 2 : Depth & significance of connections to deceased |
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Strobe's 2 parts of the DUAL PROCESS MODEL
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loss-oriented
restoration-oriented |
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Freud's 5 psychosexual stages
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Oral (birth-1)
Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latent (6-11) Genital (12+) |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages
stage, and age when it would occur |
trust v. mistrust
birth-1 yr autonomy v. shame 1-3 yr initiative v. guilt 3-6 yr industry v. inferiority 6-11 yr indentity v. confusion 12+ yr intimacy v. isolation young adulthood generativity v. stagnation mid adulthood integrity v. despair old age |
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Piagets 4 cognitive-developmental stages, and the ages when they occur
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sensorimotor (birth-2)
preoperational (2-7) concrete-op (7-11) formal-op (11+) |
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Bowlbys 3 attachment phases
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pre-attachment (birth-6wks)
attatchment in progress (6wks-6mos) clear attachment (6mo - 2 yrs) |
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4 types of attachment
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Secure
Avoidant Resistant Disorganized |
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Define LOSS
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removal of someone or something we hold valuable
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define BEREAVEMENT
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state of grief that an individual experiences when a loss occurs
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define MOURNING
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the way an individual expresses grief
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Subsequent Temporary Upsurges of Grief (STUGs)
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brief periods where grief for deceased is experienced afresh
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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 stages
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1. denial/isolation
2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance |
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Defensive exclusion
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congnitive tendency to block the processiong of information perceieved to be painful/threatening
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What did DENNIS KLASS say about the root of grief?
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-Attachment is the root of grief
-Resolution: reformulate relationship to deceased so you do not sever the relationship, but simply change it |
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William Worden - 4 Task Model
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-Berevement as a process
-It is helpful for mourners to see the tasks that they are actively performing 1) accept the loss 2) work through the grief 3) adjust to a new world 4) emotionally reinvest & move on |
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Therese Rando specialized in the area of ____________
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complicated mourning
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What is COMPLICATED MOURNING?
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problematic responses following a loss
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Therese Rando explained 3 phases of complicated mourning.....
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1. avoidance phase
(initial shock, denial, confusion) 2. confrontation phase (most intense phase characterized by accepting losses) 3. accomodation phase (decline in intensity of emotions, reinvestment of emotions) |
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Who created the DUAL-PROCESS MODEL?
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Margaret Stroebe
Henk Schut |
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What are the 2 parts of the DUAL PROCESS MODEL
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1) need to cope with practical issues (restoration-orientation)
2) need to cope with personal issues (loss-orientation) |
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loss orientation
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grief over loss of the person and a yearning for the lost one
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restoration orientation
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pragmatic tasks and roles that the deceased undertook and must now be absorbed by the mourner
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finite loss
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permanent loss
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non-finite loss
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non-permanent loss
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intuitive griever
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emotional in expressing grief
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instrumental griever
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express grief through problem solving and restoration-orientation
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How did Maria Nagy explain how children understand death (3 stages)
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(3-5yrs)
-believe dead people are like the living, with severe restrictions (5-9yrs) -recognize finality of death, and personify it (i.e. grim reaper) 9-10 yrs -understand death like adults (final, inescapable, etc.) |
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Speece & Brent's 5 components of death
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irreversability
nonfunctionality universality casuality personal mortality |
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what is IRREVERSABILITY
(Speece & Brent) |
death cannot be undone
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what is NONFUNCTIONALITY (Speece & Brent)
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life sustaining functions stop at death
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what is UNIVERSALITY(Speece & Brent)
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all living things eventually die
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what is CASUALITY (Speece & Brent)
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the actual causes of death
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what is PERSONAL MORTALITY (Speece & Brent)
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understanding YOU will die eventually
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Response to Death in INFANTS (birth-3yrs)
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-emotional response IS present even with lack of cognitive skill
-john bowly noted outrage, confusion, depression in infants under 1yo |
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Response to death in EARLY CHILDHOOD (3-5yrs)
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-by age 3, children have a limited and inaccurate conception of death
-they show magical thinking |
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what is MAGICAL THINKING
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belief that death is not final, and think that death can be UNDONE if one is clever enough
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responses to death in MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (5-10yo)
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from age 5-10, children begin to understand the components of death in the following order:
universality irreversability nonfunctionality casuality personal mortality |
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respones to death in ADOLESCENCE (11-16yo)
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-by age 10, most children understand all components of death
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Brenda Kenyon's 5 factors of death concept devl't
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1. cognitive ability (better verbal reasoning = increased understanding)
2. gender/socioeconomic status (neither has impact) 3. culture/religion (those with higher exposure to death stimuli have higher understanding, like Iraq children) 4. experience (higher death events in enviornment mean higher rate of understanding) 5. socio-emotional factors (higher anxiety in children = lower understanding) |
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Who designed the Child Berevement Study
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William worden
and Phyllis Silverman |
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What was the conclusion of the Child Berevement Study?
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Children who had a parental death expressed anger, sadness guilt and anxiety because the surviving parent was not able to care for the child due to their own grief.
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John Bowlby noted 3-step grief reaction process for infants.....
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1. protest of seperation (pain & anger)
2. despair as child loses hope figure will return 3. develops permanent refusal to trust others |
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_ to _ year olds show grief through drawings, dark colours, dark settings
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3-5 year olds
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_ to _ year olds ask for detailed, fact based info on death to regain control
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9 to 11 year olds
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_ to _ year olds avoid hearing about the death altogether
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12 to 14 year olds
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_ to _ year olds show same reactions as adults and utilize affective denial
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15 to 17 year olds
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what is AFFECTIVE DENIAL?
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inhibition of appropriate emotional grief response (i.e. crying) even though the death has been cognitively recognized and accepted
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For children, the loss of a _____ is more difficult to deal with than the loss of a _______.
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Mother,
Father |
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The most powerful predictor of subsequent adjustment in the child to parental loss is...
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how the surviving parent adapts and adjusts
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Schawab's 4 potential problems of sibling death
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1. cognitive distortions (children imagine their own ideas for how they died, since parents do not divulge info)
2. reactions to parental distress (seeing their parents are sad, they hide their own grief) 3. being a replacement child (the feeling that they must live up to the dead sibiling) 4. parental failure to cope (long-term coping failure from parent(s) causes psychological issues in surviving child) |
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Parental death creates a ___________ in children and the lower the _______ _______ __________, the higher the risk of ______________.
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vulnerability
household emotional support difficulties |
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erikson's psychosocial stages
(8) |
1. trust v. mistrust (birth-1)
2. autonomy v. shame (1-3) 3. initiative v. guilt (3-6) 4. industry v. inferority (6-11) 5. identity v. confusion (adolescence) 6. intimacy v isolation (young adulthood) 7. generativity v. stagnation (mid adulthood) 8. integrity v. despair (old age) |