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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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latent image
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the invisible image that is produced in the film emulsion by light or x-rays isnot visible until developed
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film emulstion
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contains silver halide crystals which are very sensitive to light and energy
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master tank
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holds running water
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2 removable takes
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hold developer and fixer
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thermometer
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processing time depends on temp of solutions
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safelight
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provides illumination( to see what your doing)
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heat
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accelerates
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cold
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retards
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kodak universal filter
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safe for 5 to 8 min
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vattage of bulb
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7.5 to 15 watts
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kadak universal filter
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safe for 5 to 8 min
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wattage of bulb
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7.5 to 15
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required distance
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4 ft away from safe light
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1.wetting
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alkaline developing solution softens and opens up gelatin so the developing agent can act on the silver halide crystals
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2. development
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production of visible image from latent image/the exposed silver halide crystals turn to matallic silver
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3. rinsing
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termination of development and excess chemicals from emulsion
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4.fixation
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removal of all unexposed or undeveloped silver halide crystals
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when film is in fixer
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it is okay to turn the light on
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5. washing
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removal of excess chemicals (if fixer is left in emulsion it will change deposted black sliver halide crystals to bromw silver sulfide
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6. drying
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removal of water and preparation of radiograph for viewing box
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steps in manual processing
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turn on water to main tank
stir solutions check solution level check temp set timer turn on safelight turn of white light shut and lock door unwrap exposed film put on hanger |
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developing time depends on?
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temp
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optimum processing time in developer
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5 min at 70 degrees
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how long to you rince film?
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30 sec
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how long do you place in the fixer
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2X the developer/ 10 minutes with a min of 2 for it to clear (wet reading)
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how long do you wash
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15-20 min
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how long do you dry
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30 min
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reducing agents/developing agents
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metol or elon
hydroquinone perservatives solvent |
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metol or elon
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quick builds oup gray tones on film
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hydroquinone
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slowly builds up black tones and contrast in image
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activation/ accelerator
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swells and softens the (sodium carbonate)emulstion so the reducing agents my work effectivly provides alkalinity
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restrainer
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patassium bromide
restrains the reducing agent from developing unexposed crystals tp [rpdice fog |
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perservative
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sodium sulfite
[revents rapid oxidation of developing agents |
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solvent
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water liguid for dissolving chemicals
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fixing agent/ cleaning agents
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hardener
perservative solvent |
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hardener
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potassium aluminum
shrinks and hardens the emulsion |
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preservative
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sodium sulfite
maintains chemical balance of the fixer chemicals |
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sovent
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water to dissolve chemicals
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what effects the life of the solutions
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# of films processed
size of film temp of solutions accurace of preperation of solutions slenliness of tanks exposer to light |
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advantages of automatic processing
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use special chem that can be at high temps
processing is shorter constan film quality no dark room needed less equipment wet rilms eliminated increased number of films to be processed |
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function of the automatic rollers
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tranport film
distributes chem. evenly squeegees off solution and water mation of rollers sturs solutions |
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chemicals added to automatic solutions
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gluteraldehyde and sulfate compound
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gluteraldehyde
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hardening chem helps to not let film emultion stick to rollers
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sulfate compunds
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minimizes swelling of emulsion for better transpertation
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processing time is reduced therefore
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chemical concentration and temp must be increased
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phenidone
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substitute for metol developer becasue it is faster
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temp for automatic
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83 for a 4.5 min cycle
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how do you feed films in automatic processor
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silms should be feed slowly and carefully
be careful not to bend film samp or wat films should not be fed into the machine films should not be fed to quickly ( will cause over lapping) |
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function of the automatic rollers
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tranport film
distributes chem. evenly squeegees off solution and water mation of rollers sturs solutions |
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chemicals added to automatic solutions
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gluteraldehyde and sulfate compound
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gluteraldehyde
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hardening chem helps to not let film emultion stick to rollers
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sulfate compunds
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minimizes swelling of emulsion for better transpertation
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processing time is reduced therefore
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chemical concentration and temp must be increased
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phenidone
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substitute for metol developer becasue it is faster
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temp for automatic
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83 for a 4.5 min cycle
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how do you feed films in automatic processor
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silms should be feed slowly and carefully
be careful not to bend film samp or wat films should not be fed into the machine films should not be fed to quickly ( will cause over lapping) |
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detail
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point by point delineation ( can you tell what is what)
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definition
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sharpness of film
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density
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overall blackness
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contrast
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difference in density
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processing errors
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film getting stuck together
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good periapical
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specific are is covered
no elongation or forshortening contacts open not to dark or to light no cone cuts dot in the slot in a CMX the apex should be seen at least once no processing errors |
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how much alveolar bone at the apex of the root
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1/4 inch
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how much space is need between the crown of the tooth and edge of film
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1/8 of an inch to 1/4
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good bitewing
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contacts should be open
equal view of max and mand should be able to see bone level occ plane should be staight no distortion no retakes |
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technique error
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what you as a clinisain do wrong
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patient peperation error
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radiopaque artifacts-partials glasses
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movement
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blurred image patient moves
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film placement error
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apices cet off
specific region not covered |
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backward film
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xray threw lead fail( heringbone)
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dot artifact
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dot in the slot
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double image
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film exposed twice
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overlapping errors
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film not placed parallel to teeth
incorrect horicontal angulation |
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foreshortening
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to much vertical angulation
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elongation
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not enought vertical angulation
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cone-cutting errors
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cental ray not in the middle of film
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crow not showing
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not enought fillm above/below incisal edge
exessive vertical angulation |
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blank flim
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film not exposed to radiation
film was place in fixer first |
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low density film
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not enough radiation
underdeveloped overfixation |
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high density film
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to much radiation
over developed unsafe darkroom |
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partial image
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partial immersion of film in the developer
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black film
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white light contamination
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black artigacts
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developer chemicals
saliva stannous fluoride light leaks overlapping of films durring provessing |
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black streaks
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white light contamination
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white artifacts
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precontamination of film in fixer
air bubbles on film during devoloping |
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deposits on film
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block protective paper
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exhausted solutions
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greenish yellow
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insufficent wash of fixer
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brown
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film handiling errors
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pressure marks
bend marks-black moisture contamination |
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static electricity
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tree like black firework
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scratches of film
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white lines on film
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film fog
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old film
stored in high humidity scatter radiation to long in safe light |
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developer artiface
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if you place a film on a dirty surface with developer on it that area becomes darker after processing becasue it was over developed in that area
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white
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if you leave the film in the fixer over night or placing in fixer first
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