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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Yes: What do studies show?
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According to some studies, children from divorced homes are more likely to divorce themselves. Other studies indicate that the quality of the home post-divorce is more likely to affect children's development than the actual divorce event.
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Yes: AS the divorce debate evolved what were the conflicting viewpoints professionals held?
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Some professionals viewed divorce as an acceptable alternative to living in an unhappy home, while others saw divorce as having devastating effects on children and the family.
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Yes: What are the conflicting views as far as the effect divroce has on children?
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Some studies show that children benefit from divroce while others show it is the worst thing that ever happened Some children do better in a home without the constant tension and fighting found in an unhappy intact home. These children appear more mature, more realistic about life, and more flexible.
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Yes: If parents do decide to divorce what are things they can do to keep the divorce healthier for children?
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They suggest not putting the other parent down in front of the children. This helps maintain some sense of stability and civility for the children.
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Yes: What did the judge say that shocked her?
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He had just attended several scientific lectures where researchers had argued that children are shaped more by genes than environmnet. He asked if divorce could be in the genes. She said probably not.
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Yes: What attitude do some adults have after the divorce toward their children.
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Most adults--have been reluctant to pay genuine attention to children during and after the divorce.
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Yes: What happens to children whose parents get a divorce
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Children lose the carefree play of childhood as well as the comforting arms and lap of a loving parent who is always rushing off because life in the post divorce family is incredibly difficult to manage/
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Yes: What does the author say about Eric Erickson?
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Psycholanalyst who taught us that childhood and society are vitally connected.
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Yes: What does the author say about women and divorce?
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The change in women--their very identity and freer role in society--part of our divorce culture. Indeed, 2/3rds of divorces are intitiated by women despite the high price they pay in economic and parenting burdens afterward.
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Yes: What does the author say about how parties feel after the divorce?
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After most divorces, one member of the former couple feels much better while the other one feels no better or even worse.
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Yes: What is the childs view on divorce
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From the viewpoint of cihldren divorce is a cumulative experience. Its impact increases over time and rises to a crescendo in adulthood.
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Yes: How are children affected at the time of divorce?
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Children are frightened and angry, terrified of being abandoned by both parents, and they feel responsible for the divorce. The children conclude silently and sadly, that family relationships are fragile and that the tie between a man and woman can break capriciously, without warning. They worried even after that parent-child relationships are also unreliable and can break at any time.
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Yes: What do children go through as the post divorce family takes shape?
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They see home as a lonely place. Many children are forced to move, leaving behind familiar schools, close friends, and other supports. Both moms and dads have less time to spend with their children and were less responsive to their children's needs or wishes.
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Yes: What did resiliant children do after a divorce?
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Resilient children forfeited their own childhoods as they took responsibility for themselves; their troubled, overworked parents, and their siblings.
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Yes: What happens in divorced households in regards to adolescence
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Adolescence begins early and is more likely to include more early sexual experiences for girls and higher alcohol and drug use for both girls and boys.
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Yes: What effect negative effect does divorce have on adults that makes this the worst time for effects of divorce?
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The impact of divorce hits them most cruelly as they go in search of love, sexual intimacy, and commitment. Their memories of their parents failyre to sustain the marriage badly hobbles their search, leading them to heartbreak and despair. They feel unprepared and have a very hard time formulating even simple ideas about what kind of person they're looking for. They expect to fail. Their fear of abandonment, betrayal, and rejection mounted when they found themselves having to disagree with someone they loved.
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Yes: What is a major problem divorced parents face?
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There's not much training. Most parents receive little guidance. The lack of training persists despite a disproportionate number of children and adolescents from divorced homes who are admitted as patients for psychological treatment at clinics and fmaily agencies. We haven't set up services to help people relieve the stresses of divorce.
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Yes: What does the author suggest we do to relieve the stresses of divorce?
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Begin with the effrot to strengthen marriage. Also acknowledge that there is a serious imbalance between the demands of the workplace and the needs of family life. Heavy work schedules, job insecurity erode family life. Families with you ng children especially suffer because they postpone intimate talk, sex, and friendship the very bonds in a marriage. European families offer paid family leave. Could offer this or more flex time, part time owrk, tax advantages, and welfare.
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Yes: What can be done to help the youth?
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They have no idea academic courses don't address the problem. A better time to being would be when they are in adolescence when attituteds to oneself and relationshps with the opposite sex begin to develop. It could be based in healthcare centers. Think about asking the deceptively simple question "How do you choose a friend" a group of teenagers considering this problem could be drawn to the important question of how to choose a lover and life partner.
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No: What does their study boil down to?
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80% of children from divorced homes eventually are able to adapt to their new life and become reasonably well adjusted.
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No: What are symptoms of the 20%?
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The 20% who continue to bear the scars of divorce fall into a troubled group, who display impulsive, irresponsible, antisocial behavior or are depressed. Troubled youths were having difficulty at work, in romantic relationships, and in gaining a toehold in adult life.
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No: What do they say about children who come from stable families vs. divorced families
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Coming from a non-divorced family doesn't always protect against growing into a troubled young adult. 10% of youth in non-divorced families compared to 20% in divorced and remarried families were troubled.
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No: What do they say is comforting for parents who divorced?
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They say for every child emerging from a post nuclear family with problmes, there are four others functioning reasonably or exceptionally well.
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No: They give 2 bottom line messages aout long term effects divorce has on children.
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1. about parents, especially mothers, many divorced mothers found the courage and resiliency to do what had to be done. tenacity and courage paid off. Despite financial pressure, many mothers managed to provide the support, sensitivity, and encourgagement children need for normal development.
2. Fleibility and diversity. Children from divorced families are more flexible. |
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No: Parent youth relationships after divorce
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Most children warm up to their step families as they grow up. Some even not until adulthood. For example, stepchild began to envy relationship of brother with stepfather. Then brought husband home to meet family stepfather bonded with husband. Now stepfather is grandfather.
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No: Does it make a difference as to whether children bond with father or mother?
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80% of children said they felt close to mothers 70% in divorced families. Men didn't do as well 1/3 males and 1/4 femalesreported being close to stepfathers.
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No: What does the author say about mothers vs. stepmothers
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The competition between non-custodial mothers and stepmothers was remarkably enduring, and youths with close ties to their non-custodial mothers were less likely to be close to their stepmothers.
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No: What does the author say about distance in a relationship?
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In those cases where parents and sons and daughters are already close and loving, being able to see each other frequently sustains this relationship. In contract, distance may improve bad parent-child relationships. Poets may believe absence makes the heart grow fonder but our findings suggest mother and child have fewer opportunites to fight or otherwise annoy one another.
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No: What effect, if any, does an outstanding achievement by a child have on a relationship?
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Any notable triumph by a child can help heal a troubled paren-child relationship However, one of the greatest antidotes to a troubled relationship, especially between mothers and daughter is a new baby.
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No: What effect does a new son or daughter in law have?
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CAn help change a negative parent or stepparent dynamic. A mutual fondness for the spouse may give the wary child some common ground with the parent. However can backfire.
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No: Are children of divorce marriage challenged?
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Critics worried that children would be conditioned to think of marriage as a disposable commodity and would desert a relationship at the earliest possible moment and fort he most trivial reasons.
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No: What happened for some children of divorced parents by age 20?
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Divorce had metamorphized into an all purpose villian. They not only blamed their romantic problems on it, but also every failure, defeat, and dissatisfaction in their lives. This had more to do with what they were reading in newspapers. They encouraged a cult of victimations and hypochondria.
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No: What actually is the case about marriage bound divorcee children?
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The fact is the majority of people are doing quite well in their marraiages. But the more divorce there is in the background of a marriage, the more likely the marriage was to fail. Risk of breakup was increased if one spouse came from a divorced famly, but it was highest if both partners did. The females' history is more important than the males.
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No: How are children resliiant to be successful?
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Having first lessons learned from adult mentors about self respect, ect.
Supportive friends with stable marriages also contribute to maritial success. The most important potential protective factor is the selection of a mate. Marriage is a relathipmshop not a one person show. |
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social referencing
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They look to familiar caregiver to help them recognize how to act in this social environment. Lieelt kids look to their parents to see how to act. But there is an element of autonomy as well.
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Demanding age
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Expectations for a 6 year old are much greater than expectations for a 2 year old.
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Erickson's stage for early childhood
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Initiative vs. guilt.
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What happens in the initiative stage
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New sense of purposefulness
Eager to try new tasks and join in activities with peers. Play permits trying out new skills. Strides in conscience development. They have mastered autonomy and now have a sense of purposefulness. They realize things are happening morality is developing. Secure attachment |
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What happens if you have the guilt stage of Erickson's theory
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Overly strit superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt.
this can be related to excessive threats, criticism, or punishment. Guilt has to deal with super-ego. When a child develops guilt it's a result of parenting style or non secure attachment. |
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Freud's theory: Phallic stage
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focus on the opposite sex parent. Oedipal/electra complex
Research doesn't support this. Problem with this system is that it gives a lot of cognitive development to a three year old. Boys hate their fathers and want to have sex with their mothers. they want all the attention and they view the other person as a threat. The complex is resolved with the development of the superego. Superego says that's not okay and I become ashamed and no longer want to do my mom. |
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Self understanding development in early childhood
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Emerging language skills enable children to discuss inner mental states. Self-awareness and self-concept increase.
This emerges now we begin to understand ourselves. Self-esteem begins to develop. |
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Self concept what is it?
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Based on observable characteristics: such as appearance, possessions, and behavior. Typical emotions and attitudes. Asserting rights to objects ("Mine!") helps define boundaries of self.
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Asserting rights to objects
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This helps them to define boundaries of self.
If Griffin is in room playing with Eric's Hotwheels set, it's very possible Eric will walk into the room and throw himself onto the Hot Wheels set and say mine. they are trying to dfine their boundaries of self. He says MINE! Because he thinks his possessions are part of his self. |
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When does self esteem develop and what is it?
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between ages 4-6. Judgments we make about our own worth. Feelings about those judgments include global appraisal and judgments of different aspects of self. Self esteem doesn't come full circle until later.
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How is their emotional competence developing?
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Emotional understanding is improving
emotional self-regulation is improving more self-conscious emotions such as (shame, guilt, and empathy) are arising. they're still kind of bratty but there's overall improvement in emotional development. |
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How is their emotional understanding?
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Preschoolers can judge:
Causes of emotions consequences of emotions and behavioral signs. Challenged by conflicting cues: they see someone smiling through tears and laughing they have no idea how to react. Parents, siblings, and playmates contribute to understanding. |
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How is development of their emotional self regulation going?
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By age 3-4 they know strategies for adjusting emotional arousal.
Effortful control is important. this development is affected by parents, temperament. |
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What are some common fears of childhood?
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monsters, ghosts, darkness, preschool/child care, animals, phobias are possible.
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Self-conscious emotions: what are they are how are they developed?
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Shame
embarrassment guilt pride Preschoolers depend on adult feedbakc to know when to experience these emotions. Culture is also influential. social referecingi is used. |
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Sympathy
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Feeling of concern or sorrow for another's plight. Funeral, wife cheats and tells you she wants a divorce. These are when you should be sympathetic.
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Empathy
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Feeling same of similar emotions as another person. Complex mix of cognition and emotion. Must detect emotions, take other's perspective. Put yourself in someone else's shoes. Imagine how someone else can feel.
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Individual differences in empathy and what is it caused by
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Temperament: can be sociable, assertive, and good at emotional regulation,.
Parenting: better to have warm, sensitive parents who encourage emotional expressiveness. What you can handle vs parenting. If you have carign parents you will develop this well. |
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Nonsocial activity
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unoccupied, onlooker behavior.
solitary play |
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Parallel play
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Plays near other children with similar materials.
Does not try to influence them. |
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Social interaction
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associative play
cooperative play |
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How does peer sociability in play develop?
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Nonsocial activity appears first
parallel play social interaction |
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Cognitive play categories
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functional play
constructive play make believe play |
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Functional play
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simple, repetitive motor movements
with or without objects |
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Constructive play
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creating or constructing something
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make-believe play
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Acting out everyday and imaginative roles
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Cultural variations in play
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Collectivist cultures
stress group harmony discourage self - assertion Views on importance of play varies. |
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Early childhood friendships what is a friend in early childhood?
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a friend is someone who "likes you" plays with you, shares toys.
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What are things that are usually true of early childhood friendships?
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Friendships change frequently. Lots of new friends friends change on a daily basis.
Friends more reinforcing, emotionally expressive than nonfriends. Friendship provides social support Ease in acquiring predicts later achievement behaviors. |
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What are the benefits of friendship?
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Friendship provides social support,
Ease in acquiring predicts later achievement behaviors. |
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Parenal influences on early peer relations
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Direct:
they arrange informal peer activities Guidance on how to act toward others. indirect secure attachment emotionally expressive, sensitive communication Parent-child play |
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3 Perspectives on moral development
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Psychoanalytic
social learning cognitive-developmental |
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Psychoanalytic prespective of moral development
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Freud, super-ego and guilt.
Today: induction, empathy based guilt |
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Social learning
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Modeling moral behavior.
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Cognitive developmental
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Children as active thinkers about social rules.
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As a early childhood kid what is your moral development all about
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It's all about avoiding trouble either by not doing the behavior or by not getting caught.
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what are characteristics of good models of moral behavior?
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Warmth and responsiveness
Competence and power Consistency between words and behavior. |
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Punishment in early childhood what happens if punishment is harsh
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frequent and harsh punishment has undesirable and negative side effects.
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What are some alternatives of harsh punishments?
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time out
withdrawing privileges positive discipline |
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What can parents do to increase effectiveness of punishment?
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Consistency
warm parent-child relationship explanations |
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Moral imperatives
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Actions that protect people's rights and welfare
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Social conventions
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Customs determined solely by social consensus
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Matters of personal choice
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Do not violate rights
Not socially regulated Up to the individual |
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What does postive discipline look like
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Use transgressions as opportunities to teach
reduce opportunities to misbehave provide reasons for rules have children participate in family duties and routines try compromising and problem solving Encourage mature behavior |
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Proactive/instrumental aggression
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Meant to help thechild get something he/she wants
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reactive/hostile aggression
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Meant to hurt someone else.
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sources of aggression
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Individual differences
gender temperament Family harsh, inconsistent discipline cycles of discipline, whining/giving in. |
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How can parents control aggression
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Pair commands with reasons
avoid giving in avoid verbal insults, physical punishment. Engage in social problem solving and training. Reduce family stress. Regulate exposure to media violence. |
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Authoritative parenting
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Good parenting style. this is how you want to be as a parent. warm, responsive, attentive, help make decisions, joint decision making (if they disagree they tell you why.)
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Authoritarian parenting style
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Cold, reject, often degrade their childre. Rarely listen to their children. If you're abusing a child then you withhold love. Daddy won't love you anymore unless you do this.
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permissive parenting style
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Warm, but over indulgent. Few/no demands and allow their children to make decisions before they're ready. Narssicistic kids.
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Uninvolved parenting style
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This results in emotionally detached children. Leads to disorganized attachment.
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Consequences of child mal-treatment
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Emotional problems such as poor emotional self regulation and depression.
School, learning problems/ brain damage adjustment difficulties aggression peer problems substance abuse delinquency |
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Preveting child maltreatment
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training high risk parents.
school supports for families separating families that cannot change. |
