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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
genotype
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total genetic endowment inherited by an individual
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phenotype
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observable and measurable characteristics and traits of an individual; a product of the interaction of the genotype with the environment
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gene
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large segment of nucleotides within a chromosome that codes for the production of proteins and enzymes. These proteins and enzymes underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.
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allele
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alternate form of a specific gene; provides a genetic basis for many individual differences
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gametes
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sperm cells in males, egg cells in females, normally containing only twenty-three chromosomes
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chromosomes
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thredlike structures of DNA, located in the nucleus of cells, that form a collection of genes. A human body cell normally contains forty-six chromosomes.
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human genome
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entire inventory of nucleotide base pairs that compose the genes and chromosomes of humans
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nucleotide
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repeating basic building block of DNA consisting of nitrogen-based molecules of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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long, spiral staircaselike sequence of molecules created by nucleotides identified with the blueprint for genetic inheritance
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karyotype
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pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes
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autosomes
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twenty-two pairs of homologous chromosomes. The two members of each pair are similar in size, shape, and genetic function. the two sex chromosomes are excluded from this class.
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X chromosome
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larger fo the two sex chromosomes associated with genetic determination of sex. Normally females have two X chromosomes and males only have one.
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Y chromosome
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Smaller off the two sex chromosomes associated with genetic determination of sex. Normally males have one Y chromosome and females none.
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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mitosis
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process of cell division that takes place in most cells of the human body and results in a full complement of identical material in the forty-six chromosomes in each cell
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genotype
|
total genetic endowment inherited by an individual
|
|
phenotype
|
observable and measurable characteristics and traits of an individual; a product of the interaction of the genotype with the environment
|
|
gene
|
large segment of nucleotides within a chromosome that codes for the production of proteins and enzymes. These proteins and enzymes underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.
|
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allele
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alternate form of a specific gene; provides a genetic basis for many individual differences
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gametes
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sperm cells in males, egg cells in females, normally containing only twenty-three chromosomes
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chromosomes
|
thredlike structures of DNA, located in the nucleus of cells, that form a collection of genes. A human body cell normally contains forty-six chromosomes.
|
|
human genome
|
entire inventory of nucleotide base pairs that compose the genes and chromosomes of humans
|
|
nucleotide
|
repeating basic building block of DNA consisting of nitrogen-based molecules of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
|
|
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
|
long, spiral staircaselike sequence of molecules created by nucleotides identified with the blueprint for genetic inheritance
|
|
karyotype
|
pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes
|
|
autosomes
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twenty-two pairs of homologous chromosomes. The two members of each pair are similar in size, shape, and genetic function. the two sex chromosomes are excluded from this class.
|
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X chromosome
|
larger fo the two sex chromosomes associated with genetic determination of sex. Normally females have two X chromosomes and males only have one.
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Y chromosome
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Smaller off the two sex chromosomes associated with genetic determination of sex. Normally males have one Y chromosome and females none.
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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mitosis
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process of cell division that takes place in most cells of the human body and results in a full complement of identical material in the forty-six chromosomes in each cell
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meiosis
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Process of cell division that forms the gametes; normally results in twenty-three chromosomes in each human egg and sperm cell rather than the full complement of forty-six chromosomes.
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crossing over
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Process during the first stage of meiosis when genetic material is exchanged between autosomes.
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homozygous
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genotype in which two alleles of a gene are identical, thus having the same effects on a trait.
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heterozygous
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genotype in which two alleles of a gene are different. The effects on a trait will depend on how the two alleles interact.
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dominant allele
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Allele whose characteristics are reflected in the phenotype even when part of a heterozygous genotype. Its genetic characteristics tend to mask the characteristics of other alleles.
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recessive allele
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Allele whose characteristics do not tend to be expressed when part of a heterozygous genotype. Its genetic characteristics tend to be masked by other alleles.
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codominance
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Condition in which individual, unblended characteristics of two alleles are refllected in the phenotype.
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polygenic
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Phenotypic characteristic influenced by two or more genes.
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Recessive genetic disorder in which phenylalanine, an amino acid, fails to be metabolized. Unless dietary changes are made to reduce intake of phenylalanine, severe mental retardation occurs.
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genomic imprinting
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Instances of genetic transmission in which the expression of a gene is determined by whether the particular allelic form has been inherited from the mother or the father.
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mutation
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Sudden change in molecular structure of a gene; may occur spontaneously or be caused by an environmental even such as radiation.
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Williams syndrome
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Dominant genetic disorder involving the deletion of a set of genes that results in affected individuals typically having a strong social orientation, good musical ability, and some unusual linguistic capabilities; accompanied by mental retardation and severe deficits in numerical and spatial ability.
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sickle cell disease
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Genetic blood disorder common in regions of Africa and other areas where malaria is found and among descendents of the people of these regions. Abnormal blood cells carry insufficient oxygen.
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sickle cell trait
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Symptoms shown by those possessing a heterozygous genotype for sickle cell anemia.
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fragile X syndrome
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Disorder associated with a pinched region of the X chromosome; a leading genetic cause of mental retardation in males.
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trisomy
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Condition in which an extra chromosome is present.
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genetic counseling
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Medical and counseling specialty concerned with determining and communication the likelihood that prospective parents with give birth to a baby with a genetic disorder.
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genetic screening
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Systematic search using a variety of tests to detect deelopmental risk due to genetic anomalies.
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amniocentesis
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Method of sampling the fluid surrounding the developing fetus by insertion of a needle. Used to diagnose fetal genetic and developmental disorders.
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chorionic villus sampling
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Method of sampling fetal chorionic cells. Used to diagnose embryonic genetic and developmental disorders.
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fetal blood sampling
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Method of withdrawing blood from the umbilical cord of the fetus. Used to diagnose genetic disorders, especially those that affect the blood.
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maternal blood screening
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Tests performed on a woman's blood to determine if the fetus she is carrying has an increased risk for some types of chromosomal and metabolic disorders.
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ultrasonography
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Method of using sound wave reflections to obtain a representation of the developing fetus. Used to estimate gestational age and detect fetal physical abnormalities.
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behavior genetics
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Study of hwo characteristics and behaviors of individuals, such as intelligence and personality, are influenced by the interaction between genotype and experience.
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identical twins
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Two individuals who originate from a single zygote (one egg fertilized by one sperm) which early in cell division separated to form two separate cell masses. Also called <i>monozygotic twins</i>.
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fraternal twins
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Siblings who share the same womb at the same time but originate from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm cells. Also called <i>dizygotic twins</i>.
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concordance rate
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Percentage of pairs of identical twins in which both members have a specific trait identified in one twin.
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heritability
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Proportion of variability in the phenotype that is estimated to be accounted for by genetic influences within a known environmental range.
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range of reaction
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Range of phenotypic differences possible as a result of different environments interacting with a specific genotype.
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canalization
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Concept that the development of some attributes is governed primarily by the genotype and only extreme environmental conditions will alter the phenotypic pattern for these attributes.
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niche picking
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Tendency to actively select an environment compatible with a genotype.
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temperament
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Stable, early-appearing constellation of individual personality attributes believed to have a hereditary basis; includes sociability, emotionality, and activity level.
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