Disorders Of The Reproductive System - Infections

1. balanitis

2. posthitis

2. balanoposthitis

4. orchitis

5. epididymitis

6. prostatitis

acute inflammation of the foreskin (posthitis) or glans (balanitis) or both (balanoposthitis)

1. common = pyogenic bactoeria (E. coli, stapylococcus and streptococcus)

2. occasionally = candida

1. pain and swelling of inflammed area

2. possibly phimosis due to scarring

inflammation of testes

inflammation of epididymis

acute orchitis from mumps

acute epididymtiis from gonorrhea and ecoli

chronic from syphilis or TB

1. very painful swelling or testes or epididymis

2. secondary hydrocoele

3. consitutional effects (fever, headaches etc)

inflammatioon of the prostate

Either acute or chronic

1. Gonococci

2. E coli

3. Strep faecalis

4. TB

1. found in young males

2. fever and chills

3. dysuria

4. tense or boggy prostate

5. low back pain

6. perineal or testicular discomfort

7. microscopic pyuria or haematuria

1. less well define

2. range from no symtpoms to normal prostate or slightly tender prostate on examination

3. may mimic benign hyperplasia

4. could lead to dysfunction, scarring or obstruction

1. vulvovaginitis

2. cervicitis

3. pelvic infections

4. acute mastisis

5. chronic mastitis

infections or inflammatory disorders which can affect the vaginal mucosa and possibly vulva.

They are characterisd by vaginal discharge

varies with age.

might be sexually or non sexually transmitted

and migt not be infectious at all

yeast = candida (common)

- no sexual transmission

bacteria = chlamydia, neisseiria gonorrhoea (STD)

also gardnerella vaginalis (common) no sexual transmission

protozoa = trichomonas vaginalis (common)

viruses= HPV (common

non infective

- radiation

- tumours

- drugs

- foreign bodies

1. frequent douching (esp with chemicals)

2. deoderant, laundtry soaps, fabric softeners

3. bath additives

4. tight, non porous underwear

5. poor hygiene

6. sensitivity to diaphragm, condoms, spermicide

7. antibiotics

8. diabetes

1. vaginal discharge

2. pruitits, irritation or pain from tricomonas and candida

3. odour (fishy in gardnerella)

candida = white and cheesy

trichomonas = yellow-green and frothy

gardnerella = grey-white

chlamydia = varies

gonorrhoea = yellow

1. pH of discharge is >4.5

2. microscopic examination shows cells coated in bacteria

1. microscopic examination shows yeast

2. gram stained smeat

1. vaginal eruthema with forms strawberry appearance

2. microscopin examination shows motile, flat , flagellated parasities (protozoa)

3. commonly diagnosed on pap smear

1. Tzanck test reveals multimucleated giant cells

1. appearance

2. HPV demonstrated with a pap smear

1. microscopic examination shows gram stain smear of discharge with has many leukocytes and gonoccoci

2. gonoccoci can be demonstrated with culutre

3. geneti probes for gonoccocal DNA

1. Gram stain of cervical discharge with many leukocytes but no gonoccoci

1. cant be detected in cervical secretions

2. by exlusion of gonorrhoea and chlamydia

1. serological tests

inflmaaton of the cervix

1. infections STDS!!!

2. trauma during cidbirth

3. instrumentation

1. signs of inflammaton

2. ulceration and laceration

3. if unresolvved may lead to chronic cervititis which leads to scarring, fibrosis, deformation and obstruction and infertillitu. c

4. chronic cervicitis may case metaplasia or dysplasia

range from none to discharge from viagina to infertility ending in dysplasia and carcinoma

1. inflammed cervix

2. evidence of causative agent

infections affecting genital organs and adjacent tissue (broad ligament, blood vessels, lymphatics, uterine tube) above the level of the cervix

i) chlamydia trichomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea or other bacteria

ii) bowel and skin flora

- E coli

- anaerobic strep

- clostridium welchii

invade necrotic placental fragment or blood clot --> spread through myometrium --> cellulitis or paramitis and may involve fallopian tube (so called acute post partum or post abortal salpingiitis)

1. follow acute salpingitis

2. associated with TB or foreign body

1. initially: infectis mucous secreting area of endocervix, somethimes urethra or bartholins glands

2. spreads: from cervic via endometrium to tubal lining then may escape throughostia or spread through eall --> peritonitis

1. resolution

2. pyosalpinx

3. hydrosalpinx

4. fibrosis

1. original bacteria gone

2. leave behind sterile pus or mixed growth of secondary contaminants

1. pain in iliac fossa

2. fever, malaise, lassitude

3. malodoruous discharge

4. lower ab peritonitis

5. often asymptomatic

1. lower abdominal and pelvic pain referring to back

2. NO DISCHARGE

3. irritability, depression, anorexia, loss of libido

MAJOR

1. lower ab tenderness

2. unilateral or bilartera adnexal (ovary + tube) tenderness and

3. cervical motion tenderness

MINDOR

1. elevated temp

2. discharge

elevated ESR and Creactive protein (non specific inflammation markers)

3. leukocytosis

4. deomnsatration of N. gonorrhoea, C. trachomatis

all three major and at least 1 minor

acute inflammation of the breast

1. mastitis of the newborn

2. mastitis of puberity

3. mastitis of mumps

4. trauma (brace chafing)

5. ACUTE BACTERIAL AND ACUTE MAMARY ABSCESS

6. first month after childbirth

1. stah aureus invades via nipple abraision --> circumareolar abscess

2. through milk duct --> deep intra mammary infection

3. starts as a cellulitis which localises into an abscess after several days

1. breast pain and tenderness

2. hot breast

3. breast swellng

4. fever

5. mass palpated if abscess formation has occurred