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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Contributions of Darwin
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-Origin of Species (1859)
-Showed difference between animals and humans was not as great as once thought |
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Contributions of Rene Descartes
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-1st modern philosopher
-Broke with the church -Father of Rationalism -"I think therefore I am" -Bind-body dualism |
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Contributions of Auguste Comte
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-Father of Positivism
-Empirical observations and operational definitions |
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Contributions of Broca and Wernicke
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-Brain localization
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Contributions of William Wundt
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-First psychology laboratory (dedicated to observable behavior and data) in 1879
-Established psychology within field of scientific research -Conducted studies on products of higher-order processes (reaction time, sensation, perception, attention)--led to new understanding of sensory perception and information processing |
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Contributions of Titchner
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-Wundt's student
-Focused on structuralism |
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Contributions of William James
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-American Psychologist
-Philosophy and religion -Founded Harvard's Department of Psychology |
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Contributions of Dewey
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-Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology (1896) (gave rise to Functionalism)
-Developed Laboratory School--played important role in psychology -Drew distinction between traditional education and "progressive education" (emphasis on experiential education and development of critical thinking) -Theories had little empirical support, but attention to teaching and learning is important -We conduct assessment to identify learning needs and teaching strategies for students -RTI provides differential instruction -Motivation is important in our field |
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Contributions of Mary Calkins
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-Paired associations (repeated exposure of paired items fosters encoding and memory)
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Contributions of H. Ebbinhause
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-Studied memory, memory curve, massed vs. distributed practice, role of over-learning (automaticity)
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Contributions of George Muller
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-Experimental psychologist
-Interference Theory of Forgetting (1900) (new learning can interfere with previously learned material) |
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Individuals with contributions in behavioral psychology
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-Darwin
-Thorndike -Pavlov -Watson -Hull -Skinner |
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Contributions of Darwin to Behavioral Psychology
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-Observations from travels in South America led to Theory of Evolution (19th century) and publication of Origin of Species (1859)
-Organisms change and adapt to their environments over time. |
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Contributions of Thorndike to Behavioral Psychology
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-Early 1900s
-Animal behavior, puzzle box, conclusions about stimulus-stimulus response learning -Law of Effect: (1905) Consequences matter, in order for a stimulus-response connection to be formed the response must occur in presence of the stimulus and be followed by reinforcer -Law of Exercise: Practice works, helped transition Functionalism to Behaviorism, "satisfiers and annoyers" |
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Contributions of Pavlov to Behavioral Psychology
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-Trained in psychology and medicine, respondent/classical conditioning
-1890s |
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Contributions of Watson to Behavioral Psychology
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-First American behaviorist
-Studies focused on conditioning and contributed to debates concerning nature vs. nurture -Didn't argue for reward as much as stimulus-response connection |
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Contributions of Hull to Behavioral Psychology
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-Developed complex problem-solving theory and recognized that many variables contribute to learning (drive, cue, response, reward)
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Contributions of Skinner to Behavioral Psychology
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-Developed operant conditioning principles and vocabulary (1937)
-Expanded behaviorism to language, experimental analysis of behavior |
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Individuals who made contributions to psychoanalysis
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-Freud
-Erikson -Adler -Jung |
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Contributions of Freud to Psychoanalysis
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-1905
Psychosexual stages influence development |
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Contributions of Erikson to Psychoanalysis
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-Psychosocial stages influence development
-Mide 1900's |
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Contributions of Adler to Psychoanalysis
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Role of birth order influence development
-1960's |
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Contributions of Jung to Psychoanalysis
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Introverted and extroverted personality types (1918)
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Individuals who made contributions to clinical psychology
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-Maslow
-Rogers -Vygotsky -Piaget -Kohlberg |
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Contributions of Maslow to clinical psychology
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-Needs hierarchy (1943)
-Highest level = self-actualization |
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Contributions of Rogers to clinical psychology
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-Humanistic psychology
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Contributions of Vygotsky to clinical psychology
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Zone of Proximal Development (1978)
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Contributions of Piaget to clinical psychology
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Stages of cognitive development in children (1952)
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Contributions of Kohlberg to clinical psychology
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Moral Development (1983)
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Individuals who made contributions to test development and testing
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-Binet
-Spearman -Lewis Terman -David Wechsler |
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Contributions of Binet to test development and testing
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First studied cognitive development (1890)
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Contributions of Spearman to test development and testing
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Developed concept of general intelligence (1904)
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Contributions of Lewis Terman to test development and testing
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Had Binet tests translated and sued for Army during WWI (1914)
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Contributions of David Weschler to test development and testing
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Developed Weschler scales (1st edition: 1949, most recent revision 2003)
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Emergence of Pre-Renaissance
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-Christianity played a huge role in guiding beliefs of western people
-Scientific thought was limited -Church controlled most thinking -Voices of women and marginalized groups were not represented |
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Renaissance
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-14th-16th centuries
-Revival of art, architecture and learning -Catholicism challenged -Rise of printing -Importance of Universities -Led to scientific revolution |
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Rationalism
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-Rene Descartes--1st modern philosopher, broke with the church, had dualist view of work in which mind and body were operate and important
-Did not rely on data -Thought that truth could be learned from looking at model of truth |
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Empiricism
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-1600s-1800s
-Search for knowledge through experience rather than through reasoning -Thought that knowledge came through external world, sensory experiences -John Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Comte |
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Positivism
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-Philosophy of Auguste Comte
-Based on empirical observations -Only those things that can be operationally defined can be measured and studied -Stressed the importance of the brain for mental activity |
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Romanticism
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-Reaction against rationalism and empiricism
-Thought of the world through poetic intuition -No fixed rules -External factors minimized |
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Existentialism
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-Stresses individual isolation and freedom to make choices
-Subjective meaning is the way to knowledge -Kierkegaard, Nietzsche |
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Psychology as a Science
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-End of 19th century
-Characterized by demystification of the NS -Willhelm Wundt (father of psychology as an experimental science) -Animal research and human autopsies lead to this development (nerve impulses have electrical component, ablation [removing part of the brain and observing the effect on function, led to brain localization], anatomical staining) |
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Structuralism
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-Developed by Titchner (student of Wundt)
-Focused on structure of adult mind with focus on Empiricism |
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Functionalism
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-1850-1950
-Looking at function of behaviors and cognitions -Began with Darwin's theory of evolution and lead to new school of psychological thought in America -Emphasized an empirical approach and applied research -Incorporated studies of individual differences/studies of animal behavior/child development -Galton and Cattell applied Darwin's theory to studying individual differences in humans (intellectual ability, auditory acuity, imaging ability) -Twin studies were done by Galton (nature v. nurture) -Woodworth and Thorndike (research in America on stimulus-response connections) |
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Behaviorism
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-1920-1970
-Heavily grounded in objective methodology -Based on positivism, functionalism, and Darwinism (theory of evolution brought humans an animals along a continuum and were seen as related) -Marked a shift away from introspection and consciousness to focus on objective experimental psychology -Thorndike's puzzle boxes and Skinner's dog harness provided for systematic observation and collection of quantitative data -Provided evidence for association learning, conditioned response, principles of temporal contiguity, repeated pairings, and extinction |
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Gestalt Psychology
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-Understanding the meaningful relationships between parts and wholes
-Holistic understanding -"Top down" approach to problem solving -Initially in conflict with behaviorism--later blended to form modern cognitive psychology -Began with Wertheimer's discovery that perceptions were not predicted by sensory stimuli alone -Set stage for social and cognitive psychology |
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Psychoanalysis
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-Developed by Freud
-Techniques such as free association and dream analysis -Led to emergence of clinical psychology -Existentialism addressed questions about social behavior (developed during post WWII and led to American's psychology's Third Force during 1960's and 1970's) -WWII also saw increased interest in social behavior, racial issues, and applied psychology |
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Humanistic Psychology
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-Shift away from animal studies
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Clinical Psychology
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-An integration of science, theory, and clinical knowledge
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Neuropsychology
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-Understanding of brain localization for learning and behavior
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Order of Emergence of Different "Schools" of Psychology
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1. Pre-Renaissance
2. Renaissance 3. Rationalism 4. Empiricism 5. Positivism 6. Romanticism 7. Existentialism 8. Psychology as a Science 9. Structuralism 10. Functionalism 11. Behaviorism 12. Gestalt Psychology 13. Psychoanalysis 14. Humanistic Psychology 15. Clinical Psychology 16. Neuropsychology |