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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive
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andesitic magma
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arch-shaped, upward fold in rock
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anticline
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the gaseous layer of a planet usually retained by its gravity
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atmosphere
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magma that has low viscosity and low silica and gas content; eruption is non-explosive
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basaltic magma
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a large mass of hardened igneous rock beneath all layers of sedimentary rock
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batholith
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the system of Earth by which living organisms exist
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biosphere
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volcano formed of volcanic rock and ash; erodes quickly
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cinder cone volcano
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long-term weather patterns of a particular area
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climate
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volcano that is tall and steep; formed of lava and volcanic debris
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composite volcano
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theory proposed by Alfred Wegener that the continents once formed a single supercontinent that broke up and drifted apart
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continental drift
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process of heat transfer by the circulation or movement of a gas, liquid, or plastic material
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convection
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innermost layer of the earth; divided into an inner and outer core
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core
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instrument used to measure volcanic gases
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correlation spectrometer
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the outermost layer that forms the surface of the earth; upper part of the lithosphere
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crust
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the frozen water or ice system of a planet
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cryosphere
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a process creating different layered compositions of a planet
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differentiation
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vertical intrusion of magma between rock layers
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dike
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two opposing forces in balance, where two opposite events are occurring at equal rates
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equilibrium
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line of plants and animals that shows the order in which organisms are eaten
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food chain
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a diagram that shows the connections among food chains in an ecosystem
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food web
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block of rock below the slant of a fault
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footwall
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a lower block of rock between two normal faults
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graben
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a volcanic island under sea that has been cut off by wave erosion
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guyot
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block of rock above the slant of a fault
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hanging wall
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non-explosive eruption
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hawaiian
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an uplifted block of rock between two normal faults
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horst
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a natural and continuous cycle of Earth that recycles and distributes Earth's water; often called the water cycle
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hydrologic cycle
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water system of earth
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hydrosphere
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intrusive rock that pushes its way between sedimentary strata in the shape of a dome
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laccolith
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molten rock on earth's surface
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lava
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crustal layer of earth
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lithosphere
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measure of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake
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magnitude
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middle layer of earth
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mantle
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scale that measures the effects or severity of an earthquake
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mercalli intensity scale
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solid, inorganic substance with crystalline structure
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mineral
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newer magnitude scale that measures the amount of moved (displaced) rock along a fault to determine the strength of an earthquake
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moment magnitude scale
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a ramp-like fold between flat rock layers at different elevations
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monocline
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fault that occurs when two tectonic plates are moving apart from each other; the hanging wall drops relative to the footwall
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normal fault
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supercontinent which connected the landmasses of the southern and northern hemispheres
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pangaea
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meaning "all seas"; name of the single, large ocean that surrounded Pangaea
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panthalassa
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the theory that the lithosphere is broken into pieces that float on the asthenosphere
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plate tectonics
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explosive eruption
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plinian
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volcanic flow with rocks, ashes, and gases
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pyroclastic
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fault that occurs when two tectonic plates collide; the hanging wall rises relative to the footwall
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reverse fault
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magma that has a high viscosity and high silica and gas content; eruption tends to be very explosive
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rhyolitic
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scale of magnitude based on the size of seismic waves produced by an earthquake
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richter scale
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cliff-like landform created by normal fault
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scarp
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process by which the Earth's lithospheric plates pull apart from each other, creating gaps that are filled with magma from the asthenosphere
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seafloor spreading
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underwater volcano
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seamount
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volcano that has tall, broad slopes; formed by repeated, gradual lava flows
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shield
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instrument used to record and measure vibrations from earthquakes or earth tremors
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seismograph
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horizontal intrusion of magma between rock layers
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sill
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fault that occurs when two tectonic plates are sliding sideways against each other in opposite directions
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strike-slip fault
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an intermittent explosive volcanic eruption
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strombolian eruption
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sinking of one tectonic plate beneath another
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subduction
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u-shaped, downward fold in rock
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syncline
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natural and continuous cycle of Earth that recycles Earth's lithospheric plates
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tectonic cycle
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study of energy and its transformations
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thermodynamics
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tool used to measure ground swelling
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tiltmeter
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ability of a substance to resist flowing
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viscosity
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eroded volcanic feature that formed from magma cooling in the central vent of a volcano
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volcanic neck
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compressional stress of two continental plates colliding and pushing Earth's crust high into the air
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folded rock
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occurs where a lot of normal faults are located; uplifting of rock layers produces tensional stress; one block of rock pushed upward and an adjacent block drops off; instead of folding, they break into large blocks
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fault-block mountain
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wearing away or grinding by friction
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abrasion
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gaseous layer of a planet
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atmosphere
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water that flows back into the ocean after a wave has broken
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backwash
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organic material made from plants and animals
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biomass
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living organisms of earth
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biosphere
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an individual grain or particle in sed. rock
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clast
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how a crystal breaks or splits when stressed
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cleavage
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instrument used to measure volcanic gases
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correlation spectrometer
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triangular deposition of fine, fertile soil at the mouth of a river
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delta
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placement of weathered rock and sediment by erosion
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deposition
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process of dissolving
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dissolution
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transport and deposition of weathered rock
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erosion
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long, narrow bay created when ocean water fills a glaciated valley
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fjord
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semi-dark line that indicates the ridge of a fold on a geologic map
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fold axis
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shows locations and types of rocks and other features, like faults and folds
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geologic map
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teeth-like marks on contour lines that indicate a depression or sunken area
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hachure marks
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having a uniform structure or composition
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homogenous
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layer of distinct soil
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horizon
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chemical reaction involving ions in water
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hydrolysis
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use of water to generate electricity
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hydropower
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the cool, rigid shell that includes the crust and uppermost mantle; composed of plates that move around on the underlying, plastic asthenosphere
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lithosphere
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fertile accumulation of soil and sediment deposited by wind
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loess
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downhill movement of rock and sediment caused by gravity
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mass wasting
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substance which enables the transport of weathered rock and sediment
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medium
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compound of carbon and hydrogen
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methane
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accumulation of unsorted rock and sediment deposited by a glacier
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moraine
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unable to be recycled or replenished in a short period of time
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nonrenewable
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the process by which oxygen combines with food to release energy and carbon dioxide
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respiration
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when wind lifts sediment off the ground and carries it a short distance
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saltation
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weathered rock, bone fragments, soil, and other particles carried by wind, water, and ice
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sediment
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top layer of mineral and organic material on Earth's surface
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soil
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chemical sedimentary rock hanging from the ceiling of a cave
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stalactite
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state in which small, light particles are mixed with, but not dissolved in, a fluid or solid.
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suspension
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water that flows onto the shore after a wave has broken
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swash
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angular pile of broken rock found at the bottom of a mountain
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talus
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velocity at which sediment is deposited by wind
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terminal fall velocity
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velocity required to transport sediment by wind
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threshold velocity
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also known as a contour map; shows shape, steepness, and height of ground features by using contour lines
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topographic map
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series of destructive ocean waves caused by vibrations in Earth's crust
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tsunami
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row of trees or shrubs used to reduce the force of wind
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windbreak
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Any place _______ a contour line is a _______ elevation than the contour line and any place ________ a contour line is a ______ elevation than the contour line.
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inside, higher, outside, lower
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for _________, this rule is the opposite
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hachure marks
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5 things that make minerals minerals:
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must occur naturally,
must be inorganic, must have crystalline structure, must be solid, must be homogenous |
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4 factors that determine soil formation
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climate, topography, living organisms, parent material
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2 processes of mass wasting
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slope failure, sediment flow
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3 processes of slope failure
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slide, slump, fall
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2 processes of sediment flow
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mudflow, creep
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