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86 Cards in this Set
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2nd intermediate period |
1650-1550 BCE., 14th- 17th Dynasties |
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Standard Intermediate features |
decentralized power, but kings rule over territories, very few textual sources |
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Events that led to the 2nd intermediate period |
Foreign rulers in the Delta, abandonment of Itj-tway (D13), movement of the capitol to Thebes (1650 BCE) |
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Hyksos |
Egyptian name (meaning foreign rulers), culture was very strongly egyptanized, still had a few middle bronze age II elements, earliest we see them is D11 & D12 |
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Hyksos rule in Tell el-Daba (Avaris) |
start to see egyptainness decline, houses become syrian style, burials are in houses, start to see sacrificial animals and people, culture starts to convert to Lebintine culture |
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high levels of rapid cultural change during Hyksos rule in Avaris |
highly egyptian people died at the beginning of this period (likely due to plague), no signs of war |
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The thebans (2nd intermediate period) |
no exact date for D13 abandonment of Itj-tway, upon establishment of Theban capital turns into D16 |
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Dynasty 16 |
around 1650 BCE, 15 known kings, but only 5 have known archaeological attestations, could have seen local rulers |
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Dynasty 17 |
Well attested rulers from Thebes, most likley tied to D16 by fathers and sons, ruled very strongly over upper Egypt, see a lot of instability issues, very strong military and able to consolidate their power |
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Psesedjets |
godly groupings., i.e. amum/amunet., amun, mut, khonsu., isis, osiris, and hours |
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ma'at |
everyone is expected to keep ma'at, which means they keep truthfulness in their heart and cant transgress against society, various levels of ma'at, king is responsible for state level ma'at |
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ma'at and religion |
its the central idea of egyptian relgion, the one thing they are making sure they maintain |
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Bast: Sobek: |
cat was her sacred animal god of crocidiles |
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Pantheon |
could be a group of gods in a religion, a building that is dedicated to an entire 'pantheon' of gods, also individual groups that serve a similar function |
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4 major pantheon in Egypt |
Hermopolitan pan, Memphite pan, Theban pan, Elephantine pan |
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apis bull |
most important sacred animal, chosen for its markings (primarily solid white, with some brown spots), mummified at death |
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Egyptain families |
respect for parents was absolute morality, most fundamental duty as children was to care for parents in old age and allow for proper burial, always wrote out their lineages so they wouldnt forget ancestors, no words to distinguish between kinship (aunt and sister could be the same word) |
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Marriage |
was young, usually men between 16 and 20, wormen 12-14., was a civil aggreement, having children with someone was considered marriage, divorce for fault, alimony and spllitting of marital properties |
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the 18th Dynasty before amarna |
all about Hashepsut (kind of ), 1550-1295 BCE (250 years)., reunification in 1540-1535, Ahmose was first king (slides) |
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hatshepsut |
daughter of Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose., Heiress of Egypt, married to Thutmose II (her brother) and after he dies his son (by a different wife), Thutmose III rules and Hatshep is his regent., She didnt like being his regent, wanted power for herself, instead of becoming Queen Hatshep she became King Hatshep |
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How do we know all this about Hatshep |
the sight Deir el-Bahri., where there are mortuary temples of King Hatshepsut, decorations include the story of why SHE had the divine right to rule (she claimed she was the daughter of the god amun) |
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Hatshepsuts reign |
did everything like a normal pharoh would and sent out expeditions, very peaceful, ruled for 15 years (1508-1458 BCE), succeeded by Thutmose III |
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Thutmose III |
(1473-1458 BCE) went on a campaign to erase Hatsheps pharaonic record 15-20 years after her death (cartouches recarved, almost always in the name of her father, monuments dismantled)., military ruler, had monumental building program |
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Thutmose and the military |
greatest military hero, warfare is big business (get back what Hatshepsut lost and keep Egypt secure) |
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Amenhotep III |
1386- 1349 BCE, grandson of Thutmose III, didnt marry a heiress but was still considered ruler, not big into military (different because most men during the 18th dynasty were excellent military rulers), he was a diplomat (peak of egyptian international power during this reign), peaceful and properious reign |
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Amarna Letters |
found at Akhetaten, written in Cueiform in the Akkadian language., they formalized treaties, letter between rulers., treaties were sealed by diplomatic marriages |
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5 types of commemorative scarabs |
records important events, -marriage scarab for Queen Tiye, year 2 of Amen III -wild bull hunt, year 2 -lion hunt, year 10 -Gilukehep scarab, year 10 -Pleasure lake scarab, year 10 |
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what was signifigant about the early 18th dynasty |
changes is status of royal women, royal born women gained higher status, Heiress became very importnat (special only to 18th D), legitized matrileneal succession |
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Amenhotep I |
died very young with no kids |
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Thutmose I |
military leader, not a member of Amenhoteps family, but was allowed to marry a princess, military pharoh and general, pharonic building program: Karnak temple., when he died he didnt have any sons (at least by his primary wife), but he did have a daughter named Hatshepsut |
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Ahmose |
1st king of 18th Dynasty know as reuinifier (this is the 3rd major unified period of ancient Egypt), most important thing he did was expell Hykpos, completely settled Memphis, reestablished building programs, important changes in status of royal women |
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What did Ahmose change with royal women |
princesses used to be able to marry whoever Pharoh wanted changes to where she can only marry a royal man (start to see them marrying their brothers since they cant marry anyone beneath them) |
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Amenhotep IV |
co-regency with his father, Amenhotep III 1353-1336 BCE, traditional king, great wife Nefertiti, his fathers theology had a great impact on him, early monuments were revolutionary in design and build (they were innovative and egyptians didnt like that), artistic conventions are changed! |
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Religious change with Amenhotep IV |
Traditional pantheon abanded, starting worshiping the sun and Re-horakhty and the Aten |
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year 5 of Amenhotep IV |
changes name to Akhenaton (Amen) IV, says that no other god but Aten, abanded polytheism, estblished city of Akhetaten (city of Aten), dedicated to no other god |
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Worship of Aten |
worship of other gods is forbidden, other gods name are cut out from monuments |
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Henotheism and Amen IV (Akenaten, Amen, Amenhotep IV) |
not monothism, he worships one god completely, official state regeneration of ma'at, Aten was closely tied to royal family |
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Artistic changes with Akenaten (amen, amenhotep IV) |
radical changes, has religious signifigance, art is the expression of theology, stresses realism and individuality, all about rebirth and rejuvination |
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worship of Aten in society |
didnt penetrate very deeply in society, shortcoming was there was no defined sense of the afterlife |
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The Amarna Period |
(this is Akhenaten reign): peaceful, but diplomacy and military were both ignored, Egypt became even more isolated, Egypt losing high standing because Akhen was only focusses on his cult, Akhenaten ignored his people and only thought about what was best for him and his god |
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End of the 18th Dynasty |
Smenkhkare succeeded Akhenaten, only reigned two years., Tutankhaten (1332-1320), only a child, reopened cultus, suprresed Aten cult, military became important again., Ay (1323-1319), attempted to remove all traces of the Armarna period, had everything recarved, temple funds begin being sent to the right cults again |
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New kingdom tombs |
rock cut tombs, completely undergound, all the worship of the deceased is done elsewhere, seperatin of superstructure from the substructe, first seen with amenhotep I at Keir el-Bahri |
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Thutmose III tombs |
KV34, small number of chambers for a king, most chambers are square not oval, thutmose III has an oval chamber, first see the book of the dead written on the wall |
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Most notable tombs during the Theban Necroplis (KV: valley of the kings, TT: Theban Tomb) |
KV46, TT253, TT 254, TT295, KV62 |
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KV (valley of the kings) 46 |
not actually a royal tomb, tomb of Yuya and Tjiya, parents of queen Tiye (Omenhoteps III great wife), only non royal tomb in the valley of the kings, excavated in 1905 |
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Mummification changes over time |
early mummies wrapped limb by limb, later mummies wrapped as a whole, the new king 2000 years of mummification in Egypt, the men who did the mummification were the men of Ubus, 17 rituals over 70 days |
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Herodotus on the mummification process |
removal or organs and wine and water rinse of the body cavity., removal and disposal of the brain., entire body washed with wine and water., unguents rubbed on the body, wrapped then commenced, amulets placed in the bandages |
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New kingdom royal mummies |
really well preserved hair, skin, and eyelids |
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3rd intermediate period |
begins the end of egyptian civilization, 20th dynasty dominated by kings Ramses III thru Ramses XI kingly might was in decline, priesthood of amun was of great importance (this is where you see like a dual kingship going on, the priest is showing himself as equal to the pharoh) |
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Civil War |
High priests of Amun form an alliance., in upper Egypt Pinejem I., in lower Egypt Nesbanebdjed (all the same family)., instead of high priests being appointed, its changed to lineage., also instead of kings they are calling themselves both a king and a high priest |
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Hallmarks of the 3rd Intermediate Period |
one family is ruling seperate kingdoms, but the two families are the same dynasty (21)., only is titled pharoh (Nesbaebdjed) while the other is commander in chief of the army (Pinejem I) priests are now in charge of maintaing ma'at |
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Priests king of Thebes and enrichment |
getting richer by state sanctioned plunderings of new kingdom burials., most of the wealth from the priests during this time is coming from everything that was buried with the mummies |
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Royal tombs of Tanis |
7 tombs, artistry is amazing (golden bowls, bracelets, sea sandals, etc.), refferred as second only to king tuts tomb (some even argue that it was better) |
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Dynasty 22 (good stuff) |
Egypt becomes firmly reuinited by Shoshenq I in 945 BCE, often called the Libyan Dynasty, only unified because the king appointed high priests |
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Dynasty 22 as a whole |
D 22 rulers were not well liked, especially in Thebes., D22,23,24 rule at the same time with each having a different ruler., The nubians come in with a strong king, King Piye and defeated the other kings and unified Egypt under his rule |
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When all the dynasties were ruling at once what were the kings names |
D22, Osorkon, ruling from Tanis D23, Input, Leontopolis
D24, Tennakht, Sais |
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25th Dynasty: the nubians |
760-656 BCE., Taharqa: last great ruler, ruled from memphis. built more pyramids than any ruler had since the old kingdom, Nubians dont stay long because there was a lot of threats to egypt during this time., |
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Start of the late period, beginning with D26 |
Assyrian king Esarhaddan sent the nubians packing., Installed his favorite Egyptian, Neche I of Sais to the throne |
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D26: the Saite period |
long and peaceful, expelled nubians, expelled assyrians too!, revival of anceint traiditons |
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How did peace end with the 26th dynasty |
when pharoh apries sent his armies to put down a revolut by egyptian solider in Kyrene the general sent to put it down (Amasis) joined the rebellion., Apries dies and Amasis becomes pharoh, but by 525 persians invade and end self rule in egypt and make it a colony |
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By 475 BCE under the egyptians |
Egypt finally begins to emergy from this dark period under the persians, they had a new language (demotic), can no longer use hieroglyphs, and things just arent egyptian anymore |
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332 BCE and alex the great |
Alexander destroys persian rule in the battle at Thesis (defeated Darius III) |
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Hooray for alex |
Alexander the great enters egypt as liberators, egyptians loved him, and he didnt want to conquer egypt he was fascinated by it |
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Alex and becoming Pharoh |
Alex the great wanted to become pharoh, in order to do so he had to take a journey to the Siwa Oasis and ask the oracle., oracle says alexs father was the sun (paramount for egyptains since the son of re is the pharoh)., crowned Pharoh in Memphis |
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After alexander the great (he died in 323 BCE) |
we start to see splitting of the emprire, the settlement of perdiccas divided the empire amoung 4 generals and general Ptolemy is given egypt to govern (323-305 BCE) |
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Ptoemaic Dynasty |
(323-20 BCE) |
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Ptolemy I Soter I |
king from 305-285, very popular, committed to public works, built the library of alexandria, built pharohs lighthouse, ran egypt like a business (lots of taxation), introduction of coinage |
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Ptolemy II Philadelphius |
285-246 BCE very generous, known for his public works, during this time egypt can feed entire cities |
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Ptolemy III Eugertes |
246-222 BCE last good ptolemy, recieved the decree of canopus (letter from priesthood saying how much they love him), built the Serapeum, reign ends with the golden age of the ptolemies |
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Cleopatra VII 51-30 BCE |
throne was left to her and her brother Ptolemy XIII Theos, very well liked, only known Ptolemy who could read hieroglyphs, used intellect instead of looks, skilled in diplomacy |
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Ptolemy XIII Theos 51-47 BCE |
had great regent named Pothinus (this was the sketchy guy), anyways Ptolemy XIII took control of the people and cleopatra was forced to flee into exile into syria in 51 BCE |
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what caused Julius Caesar to come to egypt and stay as a 'guest' |
when pompey fled rome and was immediately killed by Ptolemys men, Caesar was appalled and decided to occupy as a guest, this is when cleopatra sees her chance to return and is smuggled in, Caesar obviously likes her better than her brother |
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Alexandrine Wars 48-47 BCE |
Ptolemy is drowned, his regent Pothius is killed, Cleopatra become sole rulers and we see egpyt mania begin in rome |
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After the suicide of cleopatra egypt is under roman rule to octavian |
Romans come in and plunder egypt, start to see egpyt backslide, no recogniziable egyptina civilization |
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valley of the golden mummies |
actually just a divet in the dessert, discovered by accident in 1996 by a donkey tripping over the tomb, found 280 perfectly preserved mummies, most were preserved in gold, they arent royal tombs tho just failry elite, could hold up to 10k mummies |
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Why is the valley of the golden mummies important |
This is where we see not just upper classes and royalty being mummified, its becoming cheapter and easier, start to see portriats painted of themsevles, also, the main tomb is likely the tomb of the nomarch, start to see artifacts never seen before (such as mourning dollas and ancient braces) |
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City of Alexandria |
on the meditarrian, laid out in a regular grid pattern (to take advantage of the prevailing winds), find the royal quarter here, pharohs light house and pharohs island, pathway connecting pharohs island to main part of city, chariot races, vast amount of underwater archaology (statue heads, full statues, hieroglyphs, inscriptions, this is where the most inovatice studies are going on in egypt at this time are) |
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Edfu temple |
been around since predynastic period, single largest temple build during the Ptolemaic period, dedicated to Horus and goddess hafor, 8 different temples located inside |
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3 classes of signs |
phonemes, ideograms, and determinatives
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Egyptian verbs |
15 root classes, 6 types |
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offering formulae |
written on a stela, name and epithets of gods, something which will happen as a direct result of this offering, names/titles of person making the offering |
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royal titulary |
5 names for pharohs , first 3 often ommitted, last 2 always in cartouche |
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2nd intermediate period |
1650-1550 BCE Dynasties 15,16,17 |
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3rd intermediate period |
1069-664 BCE Dynasties 21-25 |
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Late Period |
664-332 BCE begins with persian conquest and ends with alexander the great |
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ptolemy period |
305-30 BCE |