Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What must the fluid surrounding the cells in the body maintain for the cells to function properly?
|
Specific concentration of electrolytes
|
|
What is the definition of colloid osmotic pressure?
|
the osmotic effect due to the pressure of protein
|
|
What is the definition of hydrostatic pressure?
|
The force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall
|
|
How do electrolytes enter the body?
|
Food and beverages we eat and drink
|
|
How do electrolytes leave the body?
|
Urine
Skin Feces |
|
Give an important function of electrolysis.
|
Controlling fluid movement between fluid compartments
|
|
Is the movement of fluid across the cell membranes different or similar to the movement between the interstitial fluid in the plasma?
|
it differs
|
|
How do electrolytes move across the cell membrane?
|
Ion channels
Ion Pumps |
|
What do ion pumps do?
|
move against their concentration gradient
|
|
What do channels for Na+ allow?
|
allows ions to diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower
|
|
What do channels for K+ allow?
|
areas of higher to areas of lower
|
|
Describe permeability of the cell membrane to water
|
freely permeable
|
|
Describe the movement of water across teh cell membrane
|
from ICF to ECF
|
|
What does Na+ exert?
|
significant osmotic pressure
|
|
Is the movement of the interstitial fluid compartment and plasma the same or different from fluid movement between the interstitial fluid compartment and the intracellular compartment?
|
different
|
|
What moves easily through the gaps between the epothelial cells that make up the capillary walls?
|
Ions
Water Small solutes |
|
Why don't proteins easily leave capillaries?
|
to big to leave
|
|
What does protein in the plasma exert?
|
colloid osmotic pressure
|
|
Describe the movement of water that results from the osmotic pressure caused by the protein in the plasma.
|
moves from the interstitial fluid into the plasma
|
|
Describe the movement of fluid that results from hydrostatic pressure.
|
forces fluid towards the interstitial fluid
|
|
Which pressure is stronger at the arteriole end of a capillary?
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
|
In which direction is fluid forced?
|
into the interstitial fluid
|
|
Which pressure is greater at the venous end of a capillary?
|
osmotic effect of protein
|
|
In which direction does the fluid move at the venous end?
|
into the plasma
|
|
In the concentration of Na+ in the plasma were increased, what would happen to the concentration of Na+ in the interstitial fluid?
|
increase
|
|
What would follow the Na+ into the interstitial fluid?
|
Water
|
|
What effect would an increase in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?
|
cells shrink
|
|
What is the definition of edema?
|
An accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid
|
|
What are four causes of edema?
|
Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure Increased capillary permeability lymphatic obstruction |
|
What will happen to colloid osmotic pressure if plasma decreases?
|
it will decrease
|
|
In which direction will water move as a result of a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure?
|
into the interstitial fluid
|
|
What will happen to the blood pressure as wate moves from the plasma into the interstitial fluid compartment?
|
blood pressure decreases
|
|
What pressure increases as a result of an increase in blood pressure?
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
|
Describe the movement of fluid that results from an increase in the hydrostatic pressure?
|
more fluid into the interstitial compartment
|
|
What are the two causes of local edema?
|
injury
swelling |
|
Describe the movement of protien that results from an increase in capillary permeability.
|
Creates an osmotic effect that pulls more fluid into the interstitial fluid
|
|
What does the movement of pretein create and how does this affect the movement of a fluid?
|
Move through the lymph back to the plasma
|
|
What affect does obstruction of lymphatic capillaries have on the return of interstitial fluid to venous capillaries?
|
hinders blood flow
|
|
Where does interstitial fluid get trapped?
|
interstitial compartment
|
|
Which ion has the most significant osmotic effect on the extracellular fluid?
|
Na+
|
|
What is the definition of hypernatremia?
|
an excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid greater than 145 meq/L
|
|
What effect would an increase in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?
|
cells shrink
|
|
What is the definition of hyponatremia?
|
a below normal level of sodium in the extracellular fluid less than 136 meq/L
|
|
What effect would a decrease in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?
|
cells swell
|
|
What are the two major roles of Na+?
|
Nerve impulse conduction an muscle contraction
Regulation of water movement |
|
If Na+ levels change, what also changes?
|
determine fluid levels in other compartments
|
|
What are the two reasons for an increase in plasma Na+?
|
Too much water is lost from the plasma without corresponding loss of Na+
Too much Na+ is added to the plasma without adding more water |
|
Would neurons shrink or swell as a result of hypernatremia?
|
Shrink
|
|
How does hypernatremia affect thirst?
|
thirst increases
|
|
How does hypernatremia affect urine output?
|
Decreases
|
|
What do the kidneys do with respect to the Na+ concentration in plasma?
|
fine-tune
|
|
What is the definition of Aldosterone?
|
Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland which promotes sodium reabsorption and potassiim secretion by the kidney
|
|
What will happen if ADL is present?
|
water will follow Na+ reabsorption
|
|
What effect will water reabsorption have on blood pressure?
|
increases blood pressure
|
|
Besides Na+ what does aldosterone also have an effect on?
|
Potassium
|
|
Where does K+ end up in the presence of aldosterone?
|
filtrate to the urine
|
|
What can some diuretics cause?
|
potassium deficiency
|
|
What is the definition of hypokalemia?
|
a below normal level of potassium in the extracellular fluid less thatn 3.5 meq/L
|
|
Why is hypokalemia clinically significant?
|
there is no mechanism to compensate for renal losses of K+
|
|
Where is most K+ found?
|
inside cells
|
|
Give a role for K+
|
responsible for intracellular fluid volume through osmosis
|
|
What is K+ responsible for
|
intracellular volume through osmosis
|
|
What would happen if there were and increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid?
|
will shrink
|
|
Give another role for K+
|
osmosis
|
|
What charge will be left inside a cell as a result of K+ leakage?
|
negative charge
|
|
Give another role for K+
|
Membrane potential
electrical balance |
|
What is calcium homeostasis crucial to?
|
to normal body function
|
|
What is the definition of hypercalcemia?
|
an excess of calcium in the extracellular fluid greater than 11 mg/100 ml
|
|
What can happen if the Ca2+ level gets to low?
|
muscle spasms
|