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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
______ is a white blood cell (agranulocyte) formed in lymph tissue, is a phagocyte, and is the precursor of a macrophage:
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monocyte
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A thrombocyte or cell that helps blood clot:
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platelet
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A ______ ______is a cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to different types of blood cells:
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stem cell
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______ is a leukocyte that is found in lymph tissue and can produce antibodies.
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lymphocyte
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A leukocyte with dense, reddish granules having an affinity for red acid dye; associated with allergic reactions:
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eosinophil
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A red blood cell is called a(n) ________.
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erythrocyte
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______ is a polymorphonuclear granulocyte (a type of leukocyte) that is a phagocyte that collects at the site of infections; it is formed in the bone marrow and has neutral-staining granules.
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neutrophil
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______ is a granulocyte (a type of leukocyte) which releases histamine and heparin; granules have an affinity for basic dye.
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basophil
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Define:
corpuscle |
(little body)
a blood cell |
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Define:
granulocyte |
A polymorphoneuclear leukocyte (a white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus). It forms in bone marrow.
(eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) |
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Define:
mononuclear |
pertaining to (having) one (prominent) nucleus
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Define:
polymorphonuclear |
pertaining to (having) a many-shaped (multilobed) nucleus.
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Define:
agranulocyte |
(a white blood cell with no dark staining granules)
mononuclear leukocytes--lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Define:
erythroblast |
an immature red blood cell
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Define:
megakaryocyte |
(cell with a large nucleus)
A giant multinucleated cell that is formed in bone marrow and is a precursor of platelets. |
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Define:
macrophage |
large phagocytes formed from monocytes and found in tissues; they destroy worn-out red blood cells and engulf foreign material
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Define:
hemoglobin |
blood protein found in red blood cells; enables the erythrocyte to carry oxygen
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Define:
myeloid |
derived from bone marrow cells
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Define:
reticulocyte |
immature, developing red blood cell with a network of granules in its cytoplasm
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Define:
myeloblast |
immature bone marrow cell that is the forerunner of granulocytes
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The liquid portion of blood is ________
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plasma
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The dark green pigment produced from hemoblogin when red blood cells are destroyed is ________
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bilirubin
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The Iron-containing nonprotein part of hemoglobin is _______
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heme
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A plasma protein that can be separated into alpha, beta, and gamma types is ________.
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globulin
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A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce red blood cells is ________
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erythropoiten
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A foreign material that stimulates the production of an antibody is is a(n) ________
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antigen
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A plasma protein that maintains the proper amount of water in the blood is ________
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albumin
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Protein substances that are made by lymphocytes in response to the presence of antigens in the blood are _______
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antibodies
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Name four plasma proteins.
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albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin.
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What is the Rh factor?
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An antigen normally found on red blood cells of RH-positive individuals
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What is agglutination?
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clumping of particles suspended in liquid, particularly the clumping of red blood cells when one type of blood is mixed with an incompatable type (such as when a type O recipient receives type A blood)
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A person with type A blood has ________ antigens and _____ antibodies in his or her blood.
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A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
(Thus, cannot receive B or AB blood; both types have B antigens) |
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A person with type B blood has _______ antigens and _______ antibodies in his or her blood.
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B antigens; anti-A antibodies
(Thus, cannot receive A or AB blood) |
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A person with type O blood has _______ antigens and _______ antibodies in his or her blood.
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no A or B antigens; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
(Cannot receive A, B, or AB blood, but because it has neithof the antigens, it is the "universal donor.") |
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A person with type AB blood has _______ antigens and _______ antibodies in his or her blood.
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A and B antigens; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. (Because AB blood has neither of the antibodies, it is the "universal recipient.)
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Can you transfuse blood from a type A donor into a type B recipient? Why?
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No. Type B blood has anti-A antibodies that will attack and clump with the A antigens contained in the type A blood.
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Can you transfuse blood from a type AB donor into a type O recipient? Why?
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No. Type O blood has anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which would attack and clump with(agglutinate) the A and B antigens in the AB blood.
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What is electrophoresis?
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It is the process of separating substances (such as proteins) from a liquid (such as plasma) by means of an electrical charge.
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What is immunoglobulin?
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It is a type of gamma globulin (blood protein) that contains antibodies.
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What is differentiation?
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Specialization, via change in the structure and function, of a cell as it matures.
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What is plasmapheresis?
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It is the process of separating the formed material in blood from plasma by spinning blood in a centrifuge.
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______ is an anticoagulant substance produced by liver cells and found in the bloodstream and tissues
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heparin
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______ are protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot
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fibrin
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______ is a plasma protein that is converted to thrombin in the clotting process
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prothrombin
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______ is plasma minus clotting proteins and cells
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serum
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______ is a clotting factor that, in combination with calcium, promots the clotting process
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thromboplastin
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______ is a plasma protein converted to fibrin in the clotting process
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fibrinogen
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______ is the process of clotting
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coagulation
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______ is an enzyme that helps convert fibrinogen to fibrin
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thrombin
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Divide into component parts and define:
anticoagulant |
anti/coagul/ant
a substance that inhibits blood clotting |
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Divide into component parts and define:
hemoglobinopathy |
hemoglobin/o/pathy
disease (abnormality) of hemoglobin (a blood protein) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
cytology |
cyt/o/logy
the study of cells |
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Divide into component parts and define:
leukocytopenia |
leuk/o/cyt/o/penia
deficiency of white (blood) cells |
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Divide into component parts and define:
morphology |
morph/o/logy
the study of the shape or form (of cells) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
megakaryocyte |
mega/kary/o/cyte
a cell with a large nucleus (a platelet precursor) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
sideropenia |
sider/o/penia
deficiency of iron |
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Divide into component parts and define:
phagocyte |
phag/o/cyte
a cell that eats/swallows other cells |
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Divide into component parts and define:
myeloblast |
myel/o/blast
an immature cell originating in the bone marrow (gives rise to granulocytes) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
plateletpheresis |
platelet/pheresis
removal/separation of platelets (from the blood) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
monoblast |
mon/o/blast
an immature monocyte (which is a large white blood cell that is a precursor to a macrophage) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
myelodyspoiesis |
myel/o/dys/poiesis
bad/abnormation formation of bone marrow cells |
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Divide into component parts and define:
hemostasis |
hem/o/stasis
controlling or stopping blood (flow) |
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Divide into component parts and define:
thrombolytic |
thromb/o/lytic
pertaining to destruction of clots |
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Divide into component parts and define:
hematopoiesis |
hemat/o/poiesis
formation of blood |
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Any irregularity in the shape of red blood cells is called _______
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poikilocytosis
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_______ is an oxygen-containing protein in red blood cells
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hemoglobin
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Formation of red blood cells is called _______
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erythropoiesis
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_______ is a deficiency in the numbers of red blood cells.
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erythrocytopenia
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_______ is the destruction of red blood cells
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hemolysis
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_______ is a reduction of hemoglobin in red blood cells
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hypochromia
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Variation in the size of red blood cells is called _______
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anisocytosis
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_______ is a condition where an individual has abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally biconcave-shapped, red blood cells.
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spherocytosis
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An increase in numbers of small red blood cells is called ______
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microcytosis
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________ is a general increase in numbers of red blood cells; erythremia
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polycythemia vera
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An increase in numbers of large red blood cells is called _______
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macrocytosis
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________ represents the percentage of red blood cells in relation to the volume of blood.
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hematocrit
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Describe the problem in this form of anemia:
iron-deficieny anemia |
a lack of iron leads to insufficient hemoglobin production, impeding oxygen transport
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Describe the problem in this form of anemia:
pernicious anemia |
lack of mature erythrocytes due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the blood stream (due to a lack of intrinsic factor)
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Describe the problem in this form of anemia:
sickle cell anemia |
red blood cells have irregular shapes--they are often shaped like a sickle--which makes them fragile (leading to hemolysis) and causes them to catch onto each other, clump, and cause blockages.
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Describe the problem in this form of anemia:
aplastic anemia |
failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of development/formation) of bone marrow cells
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Describe the problem in this form of anemia:
thalassemia |
an inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean descent
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Define the following abbreviation and describe the illness it represents:
CLL |
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. This form of leukemia occurs later in life and follows a slowly progressive course |
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Define the following abbreviation and describe the illness it represents:
AML |
acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia
Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate. Fewer platelets and erythrocytes are found in blood because of infiltration and replacement of bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts. |
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Define the following abbreviation and describe the illness it represents:
ALL |
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form of leukemia is seen most often in children and adolescents. |
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Define the following abbreviation and describe the illness it represents:
CML |
chronic myelogenous leukemia
a.k.a. chronic granulocytic leukemia Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in the marrow and bloodstream. This is a slowly progressive illness in which patients may live for years without encountering life-threatening problems. |
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Define:
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura |
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin (causing areas that are purple) due to a deficiency of platelets (patient makes an antibody that destroys his/her own platelets); the cause of the disorder (discrasia) is unknown
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Define:
granulocytosis |
abnormal increase in granulocytes (eosinophilia and basophilia) in the blood.
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Define:
hemophilia |
an inherited blood disorder (dyscrasia) where, due to a lacks clotting factor VIII, an individual's blood takes a long time to clot, making the individual susceptible to exsanguination
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Define:
hemochromatosis |
excessive deposits of iron in tissues of the body causes the skin to have a bronze hue
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Define:
multiple myeloma |
malignant tumor of bone marrow (antibody-producing plasma cells are produced in large numbers)
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Define:
relapse |
symptoms of a disease return
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Define:
remission |
symptoms of a disease disappear
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Define:
palliative |
relieving, but not curing
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Define:
Bence Jones protein |
an immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
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Define:
pupura |
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages with accumulation of blood under the skin due to deficiency of platelets.
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Define:
pancytopenia |
deficiency in all types of blood cells
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Define:
alkaline |
basic; the opposite of acid
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Define:
eosinophila |
increase in numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions/reactions
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________ is the diagnostic test/procedure where a stained blood smear is examined to determine the shape (form) of individual red blood cells.
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red blood cell morphology
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________ is the diagnostic test/procedure that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood.
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hematocrit
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________ is the diagnostic test/procedure that determines the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter.
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platelet count
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________ is the diagnostic procedure that tests the ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube.
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coagulation time
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________ is the diagnostic test/procedure that measures the speed at which red blood cells settle out of plasma.
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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________ is the diagnostic test/procedure that determines the numbers of different types of white blood cells (immature and mature forms).
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white blood cell differential
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________ is a diagnostic test/procedure that is useful in determining the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
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antiglobulin (Coombs') test
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In this clinical procedure, bone marrow cells from a donor are infused into a patient with leukemia or aplastic anemia.
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bone marrow transplantation
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This is a measurement of the time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding.
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bleeding time
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In this diagnostic procedure, a small amount of bone marrow is removed via a needle aspiration and then examined under a microscope.
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bone marrow biopsy
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This laboratory test gives the number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood.
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red blood cell count
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In this clinical procedure, blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient.
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autologous blood transfusion
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Define:
Hct |
hematocrit
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Define:
Hgb |
hemoglobin
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Define:
PTT |
partial thromboplastin time (test of clotting factors)
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Define:
CBC |
complete blood count
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Define:
segs |
segmented white blood cells (neutrophils)
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Give the meaning of:
IgA, IgD, IgG, IgM, IgE |
immunoglobulins
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________ is a malignant tumor of bone marrow.
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myeloma
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________ is the formation of red blood cells.
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erythropoiesis
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________ is a dark green pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
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bilirubin
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_______ is a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
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fibrinogen
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______ is another word for a thrombocyte (clotting cell).
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platelet
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______ is an abnormal condition where the red blood cells have irregular (a variety of) shapes.
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poikilocytosis
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_______ is a procedure by which white blood cells are separated from blood by use of a centrifuge.
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leukapheresis
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______ is an anticoagulant substance produced by liver cells and found in blood and tissues
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heparin
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______ is a method of separating substances (such as proteins) using an electrical charge
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electrophoresis
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______ is a reduction in red blood cells due to excessive destruction.
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hemolytic anemia
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This laboratory test measures the amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample.
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hemoglobin test
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This laboratory test measures the ability of the blood to clot; it measures the time elapsed between the addition of calcium to a plasma sample and the appearance of a visible clot.
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prothrombin time
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