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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrinology
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study of the biological effects of hormones released by endocrine glands and the diseases caused by their dysfunction
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Endocrine glands
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ductless glands that release chemical regulators called hormonesdirectly into extracellular fluid
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major endocrine glands
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-pineal glands
-hypothalamus -pituitary glands -thyroid gland -parathyroid glands -thymus gland -adrenal glands -pancreas -ovaries -testes |
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Release of hormones
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-hormones are released in response to homeostatic imbalances referred to as stimuli
-hormones work via negative feedback to maintain homeostasis: the biological effects of hormones negate/eliminate the stimuli that caused the release of the hormones |
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Humoral Stimuli
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-changes in the levels of chemicals in the body's humor's(bodily fluids) stimulate the endocrine glands to release hormones
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Neural stimuli
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-activation of the nervous system stimulates the endocrine gland to release hormones
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Hormonal stimuli
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-released hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones
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Hormone nomenclature
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named based on:
-organ of origin: the endocrine gland releasing the hormone -function: the major biological effect of the hormone -chemical structure: unique feature of the chemical structure |
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3 chemical structures of hormones
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-biogenic amine hormones - hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine(usually polar)
-peptide/protein/glycoprotein hormones - hormones composed of a sequence of amino acids(polar) -steroid hormones - hormones derived from cholesterol(non polar) |
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Hormone targets
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-express accessible, functional receptors that hormone can bind to
-a cell can act as a target for several hormones -a target cell can be bound to more than one hormone simultaneously |
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Hypothalamus/pituitary relationship
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-pituitary gland located below hypothalamus and connect via infundibulum, connected neurally and vascularly
hormones are released from hypothalamus to the pituitary gland fro distribtuion throughout body |
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Growth hormone
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulate somatic growth hyposecretion: dwarfism in children hypersecretion: gigantism in children |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates thryoid gland to release thyroid hormones hyposecretion: cretinism in children hypersecretion: hyperthyroidism |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promote release of androgens hypersecretion: cushing's disease |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates sperm production hyposecretion: failure of sexual maturation |
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Luteinizing hormone
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promote testosterone production hyposecretion: failure of sexual maturation |
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Prolactin
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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promotes lactation hyposecretion: poor milk production hypersecretion: impotence in men |
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Oxytocin
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secreted by: posterior pituitary lobe
function: initiates labor |
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Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
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secreted by: posterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus hypersecretion: syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion |
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Thyroid hormone
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secreted by: thyroid gland
function: temperature regulation hyposecretion: decreased body temp, cold intolerance hypersecretion: increased body temp, heat intolerance |
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Parathyroid hormone
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secreted by: Parathyroid glands
function: controlling blood calcium balance hyposecretion: hypocalcemia hypersecretion: calcium leached from bones - bones soften and deform |
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Mineralocorticoids
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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: rise in blood volume and pressure hyposecretion: Addison's disease hypersecretion: Aldosteronism |
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Glucocorticoids
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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: stimulate protein catabolism hyposecretion: Addison's disease hypersecretion: cushing's disease |
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Gonadocorticoids
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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: female libido hypersecretion: virilization of females |
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Catecholamines
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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: increase heart rate hypersecretion: hypertension |