English Vocabulary In Use

He is quite short.

She is of Meduim height.

Slim is more polite than thin

She is slim. When I was in hospital, I was thin.

I am overweight=weigh too much.

She is fat. She needs to go on a diet

She has dark skin and dark hair.

of hair or complexion) light; blond.

"a pretty girl with long fair hair"

He has fair hair and blue eyes

He has a fair skin اشقر/ابيض

My mom is beautiful. Dad is a very good-looking person.

Hy father is 40.he is middle-aged. متوسط العمر

This hospital is for elderly =more polite than old

How is blonde different from blond?Blonde and blond essentially mean the same thing. It’s just that in French, blond is the masculine form, both as a noun and adjective; adding the E makes it feminine. So, a woman with blond hair is une blonde, a man, un blond.

A: How tall is Bettina / Tom? B: She’s 1.85 metres tall. / He’s 1.48 metres tall.

A: How heavy are you? / How much do you weigh? B: I weigh 62 kilos / 74 kilos, etc.

A: How old is he? B: He’s 84.

A: What does Gemma / your sister look like?B: She’s tall and dark. She’s very pretty

He is tall and dark. اسمر

Is he ugly?

No he is an average-looking person. عادي

How are you today?

I’m very well, thanks.

I’m fine, thanks.

I don’t feel very well. I must go home and rest. (I’ll probably be OK tomorrow.)

I feel ill. Can you get a doctor, please? (Perhaps it’s a serious problem.)

That fish was bad. I think I’m going to be sick! (I want to vomit.)

Have you got an aspirin? I've got a headacheI've got toothache. I need to go to the dentist.I am going to bed with a hot drink. I've got a cold.

Fever:a rise of body temperature above the normal

I've got a hay fever.I sneeze all day. يعطس

He's got an asthma. Sometimes he can't breathe ربو

a disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquito (= a small flying insect). Malaria causes periods of fever and makes you shiver and feel very cold. It is common in many hotter parts of the world.

In some countries, mosquitos can give people malaria.

an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.

The drinking water was bad, and many children had bacteria.

Heart attach is a, serious illness

Every year cancer kills many people who smoke.

A Do you have a healthy diet?

B Yes, I eat lots of fruit and vegetables.

A Do you exercise?

B Yes, I like swimming, jogging and cycling. They’re really good for you.

I feel streesed.

B Do you? You need to relax more and don’t panic about work!

Would you like to use the bathroom?

I am very happy about your news [NOT I am very happy for your news].

BUT You did very well in yourexam – I’m very happy for you.

A Do you like football?

B Yes, I really like football / it. No, I don’t like football / it very much.

A How’s your grandfather?

B He’s very well, thanks.

How about your grandmother?

B She’s a bit / a little tired.

When we leave someone we usually say Goodbye and also perhaps See you soon! See you soon is quite informal.

When someone goes to bed, we usually say Goodnight. We sometimes also say Sleep well.

Don’t say Goodnight when you arrive somewhere, only when you leave.

If you ask for something you usually say Please.

If someone does something nice for you, you say Thank you or Cheers (informal).

it’s someone’s birthday Happy Birthday!

it’s Christmas Happy / Merry Christmas! /ˈkrɪsməs/

it’s New Year’s Day Happy New Year!

someone is doing something difficult, e.g. taking an exam Good luck!or having an interview for a job

someone has done something special, e.g. done well in an Congratulations! / Well done!exam or had a baby

You want to go through a doorway. There are some people blocking it. Excuse me!

Do you want to buy anything else? Or go eomewhere else : in addition or different

People say bad things about her,but actually she is very nice:in reality.

I will meet you around 6 o'clock

How about / What about the new Angelina Jolie film? (used to make a suggestion)

I was late for work yesterday.

Oh dear. Was your boss angry???

I can't come to your party tonight. What a pity ياللاسف

Look out. The car is coming.

I passed my exam. Well done

Through thick and thin 🙏🏼ع الحلوة والمرّة 😍#idioms

I need some peaches and pears اجاص

I love Strawberries. فراولة

I drink fruit juice.

Worktop:

a flat surface for working on, especially in a kitchen

Plastic coated worktops are easy to keep clean.

Cooker:a large box-shaped device that is used to cook and heat food, either by putting the food inside or by putting it on the top:

I need a gas/electric cooker غاز

Range:a large box-shaped device that is used to cook and heat food, either by putting the food inside or by putting it on the top:

She was cooking soup on the range.

I bought a six-burner range. ست روس

Stove:a large box-shaped device that is used to cook and heat food, either by putting the food inside or by putting it on the top

Stove:

a piece of equipment that burns fuel or uses electricity in order to heat a place

We need fuel.

I need a dishwasher/washing machine and a microwave.

I bought a new freezer

The condiments are in the cupboard. خزانة

We need a, Washing-up liquid. لودالين

Suacepan:a deep, round pan with straight sides, usually with a handle and a lid, used for cooking things over heat

Put them in the saucepan. طنجرة عميقة

Give me a cloth رقعة

I need a frying pan

I bought two pot-holders. مساكة

towel) soft, thick paper on a roll, from which square pieces are torn and used in the kitchen or other places, especially for removing liquid

We need paper towels محارم ورقية

Grab me a mug/cup/glass.

The book is in the bookcase/on the bookshelf

We have book shelves here.

The lights witch is broken.كبسة

Switch off the light.

the part of a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment, into which another part fits:

an electrical socket

a light socket

He had forgotten to plug the television into the mains socket.

We have many sockets بريز.

He sat in the armchair.

High fidelity (often shortened to Hi-Fi or HiFi) is a term used by listeners, audiophiles, and home audio enthusiasts to refer to high-quality reproduction of sound

We are gonna buy a hi-fi مجموعة صوت

He is sleeping on the sofa.

Thanks. Now can you turn the close the curtains, please? light on. radio off? And pass me the remote control. I want to turn on the TV. There’s a good programme on.

an establishment in which hairdressing, makeup, and similar cosmetic treatments are carried out professionally.

I work in a beauty salon.

Librarian :a specialist in the care or management of a library.

He is a Librarian

She is my secretary

A2someone who works in an office, writing letters, making phone calls, and arranging meetings for a person or for an organization:

My secretary will phone you to arrange a meeting.

They teach PE there.

We need a Noticeboard لوح ملاحظات

a board on a wall on which notices can be fixed:

I've put the list of players up on the noticeboard.

ExpressionsA maths teacher teaches maths. Her students study maths.

Children go to school and students go to university.

At school children learn to read and write.

Students can do an (English) course in many schools and universities.

At the end of a course, youoften take / do an exam.

You hope to pass your exams. You don’t want to fail your exams.

If you pass your final exams at university, you get a degre

I did a course in English.

I will phone him. I'll text him. دق،ارسل رسالة

Envelope:a flat, usually square or rectangular, paper container for a letter picture of envelope

It is a rectangular notebook.

Put the letter into the envelope.

Don't forget to put a stamp on the letter. طابع

a written message from one person to another, usually put in an envelope and sent by mail:

I got a letter from the bank this morning.

to send a letter or package by mail:

Did you remember to post my letter? ترسل بالبريد

He’s not answering his phone. I’ll leave a voicemail and I’lltext him / send him a text (message).

Hello

Hello. It's neck here. Can I talk to Ahmed, please???

I am sorry he is not here at the moment. Can I take a message???

Thanks. Could you just tell him that I called. I'll call back later

Okay. I'll tell him. Goodbye

Bye

Press the home button/power button.

I need a new phone case.

Using a smartphone

Ramesh takes a lot of selfies and posts them online.

Lisa didn’t answer her phone, so I left a voicemail.

Can you text me the address of the restaurant? I haven’t been there before.

I’ve just got a message from Andy. He wants to know if we’re going tothe party.

You can download an app with a dictionary to help you when you writeselfie in English.

While she was on holiday, Kelly called her family every day

Can you read the message for me. My hands are wet.

It's locked.What's the pin???

You don't need a PIN to unlock it. Just swipe the screen right or left.

You have a full memory. You need to delete some files

a holiday organized by a travel company for which you pay a fixed price that includes the cost of the hotel and travel, and sometimes food

We are gonna go on a package holiday

Ferry:a boat or ship for conveying passengers and goods, especially over a relatively short distance and as a regular service.

I go there by ferry.

the activity of spending a vacation living in a camp, tent, or camper.

I am gonna go on a camping holiday.

Coach :a long motor vehicle with comfortable seats, used to take groups of people on trips:

We're going to the airport by coach.بولمان

I am not coming next week. I am on holiday.

Rucksack:a bag with shoulder straps that allow it to be carried on someone's back, typically made of a strong, waterproof material and widely used by hikers; a backpack.

We has a rucksack

Suitcase:a large, rectangular container with a handle, for carrying clothes and possessions while traveling:

Have you packed/unpacked your suitcase yet?حقيبة سفر

Don’t forget to take …

your passport (if you are going to another country)

a visa [a stamp that you need in your passport to go to some countries]your tickets

some currency [money of the country you are going to]

a camera

your luggage /ˈlʌgɪdʒ/ (e.g. a suitcase or a rucksack)

Get your luggage, please. امتعة

a card for sending a message by mail without an envelope, typically having a photograph or other illustration on one side.

"he promised to send me a picture postcard"بطاقة بريدية

Are you flying to France from England?

B No, we’re going by ferry.

A What are you going to do in Madrid?

B We want to try the local food and enjoy the nightlife [clubs, etc.].

A Have a great time! And send me a postcard

.

These words are also for people’s jobs. We often add ’s and say: I’m going to the newsagent’s to get

a paper. Do you want anything from the butcher’s?

Newsagent's=newsstand:a store that sells newspapers and magazines, as well as some foods and things that people often buy such as cigarettes:

Do you want anything from the newsagent's apart from a paper?

Post office:the public department or corporation responsible for mail services and (in some countries) telecommunications; the postal service.

I am going to the post office مكتب البريد

He lives in the basement/ground floor.

We went to the toy store.

Can I help you?

Customer Can I try this shirt on? (goes and tries it on) Have you got a bigger / smaller size / a different colour?

Shop assistant No, I’m sorry. That’s the only one.

Customer OK. I’ll take it. How much does it cost?

Shop assistant £22.

Customer Can I pay by cheque?

Shop assistant No, credit card, debit card or cash, please.

Customer Sorry, I only have a £50 note. I don’t have any change [coins or smaller notes].

Shop assistant That’s OK. Here’s your receipt. Would you like a (carrier) bag?

These will be deducted from your account تخصم

A debit card is a payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer's checking account when it is used. Also called “check cards” or "bank cards," they can be used to buy goods or services; or to get cash from an automated teller machine

Credit card:you can borrow money from a lending institution and pay later or each month

a piece of clothing that covers the upper part of the body but not the arms, and usually has a U-shaped opening at the neck

She/he was wearing a tank topشلحة،شيال

He was wearing sweatshirts. /sweatpants

Expressions 1 Lisa likes to shop online because it’s quick and easy. 3 4

2 Most people pay for their online shopping with credit cards.

3 Reading online reviews can help you choose what to buy.

4 If you are not at home to receive the delivery, we will take it to the post office.

Expressions in reception

Do you have a single room [for one person] / a double room [for two people]?

I have a reservation. [I booked a room] My name is … We’d like a room with a view of the sea.

refrain from using or disposing of (something); retain for future use.

"roll out half the dough and reserve the other half.

They are reserve احتياط

The receptionist may say: Here is your key.

Your room is on the first floor. Take the lift. It’s over there.

Would you like some help with your luggage?

Can you fill in this form, please?

Sign (your name) here, please. [write your name]

Please check your bill [make sure it is correct].

When you leave you say:

Can I check out, please?

Can I have the bill, please?

Asking questions about hotel services

How much is a single room with a bathroom?

Can I order room service?

How do I get an outside line? (You want to phone someone who is not in the hotel.)

What is the code for Poland?

Can I have breakfast in my room, please?

Can I have a wake-up call at 6.30, please? (You want to wake up at 6.30.)

What time is breakfast / lunch / dinner?

Can I (ex)change some money, please

café: you can have a cup of tea / coffee and a snack there (e.g. a sandwich or a cake). They sometimes serve meals too (e.g. lunch, dinner).

restaurant: you go there for a meal; more expensive than a café.

bar / pub: bars and pubs serve alcohol and soft drinks [non-alcoholic drinks, e.g. fruit juice]; you can usually have a meal or a snack there too.

fast food restaurant: you can get a quick hot meal there, for example burger and chips.

take-away: you buy a snack or a meal there and take it home to ea

STARTERS Soup of the day (v) Mixed salad (v)

MAIN COURSES Steak with chips or new potatoes Fish and chips Vegetable curry (v) Salmon fillet with green beans Burger with chips and mushrooms

DESSERTS Chocolate ice cream Apple pie Fruit salad (v = vegetarian)

I like salmon fillet

Waiter Are you ready to order?

Customer Yes, I’d like the steak, please.

Waiter Would you like it with chips or new potatoes?

Customer With chips, please. Waiter How would you like your steak - rare, medium or well-done?

Customer Well-done, please.

Waiter And what would you like to drink?

Customer I’ll have a coke, please.

(later)

Waiter Is everything all right?

Customer Thank you, it’s delicious. [very good] (later)

Customer Could I have the bill, please?

Waiter Yes, of course.

Rugby:a sport where two teams try to score points by carrying an oval ball across a particular line or kicking it over and between an H-shaped set of posts:Tom plays rugby every Saturday.

He plays rugby.

American football:a game for two teams of eleven players in which an oval ball is moved along the field by running with it or throwing it

I hate American football.

Sail/sailer

a sheet of material attached to a pole on a boat to catch the wind and make the boat move:

to hoist/lower the sailsاشرعة

I like sailing sports

a sport, originally from Japan, in which people fight using their arms, legs, hands, and feet. The level of skill a person has is shown by what color belt they wear.

I love karate/judo

We can use go with all the sports listed in B, apart from judo and karate.

I go running every day. I went skiing last year.

We use do with judo and karate. She does judo. (See Unit 39: Go / went / go

Where we do sports

We play tennis / badminton / volleyball / basketball on a tennis / badminton / volleyball / basketball court.

We play football / rugby on a football / rugby pitch.

We swim in a swimming pool.

Many towns have a sports centre - you can do lots of different sports there.

Expressions Do you do any sports?

Yes, I go swimming / running / sailing / kayaking.

Do you play football / tennis / badminton?

I play tennis. Which sports do you play? What’s your favourite sport?

I like motor racing best.

prepare food using a cooking process that combines broiling and roasting.

I love "broasted chicken"

There are many puddles here طابوسة

Western:a film, television drama, or novel about cowboys in western North America, set especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Did you love western movies=cowboys movies.

A thriller:a novel, play, or movie with an exciting plot, typically involving crime or espionage.

"a tense thriller about a diamond heist that goes badly wrong"

I will watch a thriller فلم اثارة

People in films

Monica Bellucci is a film star. She was in the new James Bond film.

Daniel Radcliffe played Harry Potter in the Harry Potter films.

I like films by Italian directors

A Have you seen the latest James bond movie???

Yes, I saw it on TV.

Did you like batman movie???

Yes, I loved it/yes,I enjoyed it.

Some cowboys rob a train. western 2 A flying saucer lands from Mars. SC-fi 3 A dead person comes back to life. 4 James Bond saves the world. 5 Mickey Mouse goes on a picnic. 6 A man falls in love with his teacher. 7 A dead body is found in the river. 8 There are lots of songs and dancing.

TV, radio, music, filmI watch TV every evening.

Did you watch / see the film about President Kennedy?

What programmes do you like best on TV and radio?

I like watching films on TV. (You can also say: I like to watch …)

At the weekend, we usually watch a DVD.

I like listening to music on the radio. (You can also say: I like tolisten …)

I often listen to music on my phone when I’m relaxing.

I need some new headphones for my phon.

Hobbies

A lot of young people play video games every day.

I download music and films from the Internet.

I chat to my friends online every evening.

I really like cooking.

Do you like gardening? /ˈgɑːdnɪŋ/

We grow flowers and vegetables in our garden.

Reading

I read a lot at home.What do you read?

I read novels [long stories]. My sister likes comics.

I like books about nature and different countries.

I like magazines about music and sport.

Do you read a newspaper every day?

Expressions

We sometimes have friends round[we ask them to come to our house / flat].

I often have friends to dinner.

My best friend comes to stay sometimes.[sleeps in my house / flat]

I talk to my friends on the phone every evening.

Sometimes, I just do nothing.Grandpa likes to have a sleep after lunch.

Music, musical and musicianMusic is an uncountable noun. We do not use it in the plural.The band played fantastic music for more than two hours[NOT fantastic musics].Musical is an adjective.There is a shop on King Street that sells musical instruments[NOT music instruments].A musician (noun) is a person.My brother is a very good musician. He plays three instruments.

I can play flute, guitar, trumpet. ناي

Ava plays the clarinet. Her brother plays the drums.

Krishnan is learning the guitar. His friend, Isabella, has piano lessons.

Mia is a very good flute-player. She plays in an orchestra. Her friend, Nuria, is a good trumpet-player.

Lucas is an excellent violinist. His sister is a good pianist.

Can you play a musical instrument?

He is good flute-player.

He is good violinist. عازف كمان

Music, musical and musicianMusic is an uncountable noun. We do not use it in the plural.The band played fantastic music for more than two hours[NOT fantastic musics].Musical is an adjective.There is a shop on King Street that sells musical instruments[NOT music instruments].A musician (noun) is a person.My brother is a very good musician. He plays three instruments.

band means a group of musicians.Nuala had a really good band at her 21st birthday party. [NOT ‘a reallygood music band’]

A concert means an event with music.We’re going to a concert tonight. [NOT ‘a music concert’]

Listening to music Charlotte loves classical music. (for example, Beethoven, Mozart) [NOT classic music]

Harper can’t stand opera [dislikes it very much]. She prefers pop music.

I like folk music, jazz and rock.

I often listen to music on the train.

I downloaded some new songs yesterday. Do you want to hear them?

There are seven continents in the world.

Antarctica:the continent around the South Pole

They live in Antarctica القارة القطبية الجنوبية

Arctic:the very cold area around the North Pole:

Polar bears live in the Arctic.القطب الشمالي

It is 50 degrees minus in the arctic

Thunder:the sudden loud noise that comes from the sky especially during a storm:

There is a clap of thunder

I am afraid of thunder and lightning.

Lightning:a flash of bright line in the sky that is produced by electricity moving between clouds or from clouds to the ground.

That tree was struck by lightning.

She changed her clothes with lightning speed (= extremely quickly).

Other useful weather words

It is very hot in Mexico - it is often 45 degrees there in summer.

It is very cold in the Arctic - it is often minus 50 degrees there.

It can be very wet in London - carry an umbrella when you go sightseeing there.

It is very dry in the Sahara - it doesn’t often rain there.

A hurricane is a very strong wind.

A storm is when there is a strong wind and rain together.

A thunderstorm is when there is thunder, lightning, rain and sometimes wind together.

Expressions

It’s a sunny day in Tokyo today, but it’s cloudy in Hong Kong.

It’s foggy in Sydney and it’s snowing / it’s snowy in Moscow.

It’s raining in Barcelona but the sun is shining in Granada.

What is the weather like in your country in june?

Warm and sunny

It is a lovely/terrible day??? Isn't it???

Train station / railway station - you can get a train here. Bus station - you can get a bus here. Shops - you can buy things here. (See Unit 19: Shops and shopping.) Shopping centre - area of town with a lot of shops. Tourist information office - tourists can get information here. Museum - you can see interesting old things here. Bank - you can change money here or get money from a cash machine. Post office - you can post letters and parcels here. Library /ˈlaIbr@ri/ - you can read books and newspapers here. Town hall - local government officers work here. Car park - you can park your car here. Pedestrian area /ˈe@ri@/ - you can only walk here, you can’t come here by car.

a building in which local government officials and employees work and have meetings

He is in the town hall دار البلدية

Asking for and giving directionsA: Where is the bus station?B: Go left here and it’s at the end ofthe road.A: How do I get to Market Street?B: Take the first right and then thesecond left.A: Is there a shopping centre near here?B: Yes, turn right here. The entrance is onMarket Street on the left.A: Can I park here?B: No, but there’s a car park on Park Street.A: Excuse me, I’m looking for the museum.B: It’s on Bridge Road. Take the number31 bus and get off at the second stop.A: Can you tell me the way to the nearest bank, please? I need a cash machine.B: No problem. Go left here and there’s one on the other side of the road.

They were playing in the fields.

Path: a way or track laid down for walking or made by continual treading.

"the path continues alongside the river for half a mile"

I took a different path

Field:an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture, typically bounded by hedges or fences.

We have "a wheat field"حقل

Wood: an area of land, smaller than a forest, that is covered with growing trees.

"a thick hedge divided the wood from the field

They were playing in the woods/wood

Meadow:a piece of grassland, especially one used for hay.

It is "a meadow ready for cutting"مرج

Hay:grass that has been mown and dried for use as fodder=forage

We need some hay for the horse حشيش

A farmer lives on a farm and works in the fields.

My friend lives in a cottage /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ [small house in a village or the countryside].

We will live in a cottage كوخ

Nature means ‘everything in the natural world’. (= animals, birds, plants, etc.)

There is wonderful wildlife in the north of the country. [animals, birds, fish and insects]

Near the village there is a conservation area [place where wildlife and nature are protected].

Take her for a walk everyday.

ExpressionsTake your dog for a walk every day.You must feed your animals and give them water every day.Do you have any pets?

an adult male chicken:

I heard a rooster crow.ديك

We have two hens and two chickens and three chicks

I have three kittens

Duckling:a young duck

She has three ducklings.

He has a tiger cub. شبل

He has a Joey:baby Kangaroo

He has three kids معزات صغار

They usually eat lamb لحم خروف

They have two rams كبشين.

Mutton:the flesh of sheep, especially mature sheep, used as food.

I like "roast mutton"احم الضأن

He has three piglets :young pig.

a subway, especially the one in London.

"travel chaos on the Underground"

I travel by boat everyday.

Timetable:a chart showing the departure and arrival times of trains, buses, or planes.

"these itineraries are subject to bus timetables"verb

schedule (something) to take place at a particular time.

"German lessons were timetabled on Wednesday and Friday"حددت

Customs:money paid to the government when you take particular goods from one country to another

It took us three hours to get through the customs when we came from Italy.

Can I have a single / return (ticket) to Barcelona, please?(single = Madrid to Barcelona; return = Madrid to Barcelona and back to Madrid)I’d like to book / reserve a seat in advance [to make sure you have a seat].

Was your journey long??? سفرة

By trainThe train arriving at platform 3 is the 16:50 train to Paris.The Edinburgh train departs / leaves from platform 6. (departs is formal)Is there a restaurant car on this train?A: Do I have to change trains for Toulouse? [get off one train and get onto another]B: No, it’s a direct train

By planeYou have to check in two hours before the plane takes off [leaves the ground].Online check-in is also possible. / You can check in online.Give your boarding card to the flight attendant when you

Have a good flight. The plane lands in New York at 14:30.my passport].After landing you have to go through customs.

Give your boarding card to the flight attendant when youget on the plane.

a type of heavy oil used as fuel:

a diesel engine

My new car runs on (= uses) diesel.

We need fuel محروقات

Easter Day:Easter is one of the principal holidays, or feasts, of Christianity. It marks the Resurrection of Jesus three days after his death by crucifixion.

Traditional UK food is fish and chips and roast beef and roast potatoes [cooked in the oven] with Yorkshire pudding [dish made of flour, milk and eg

nursery school for children aged 2-4 primary school for children aged 5-11 secondary school for children aged 12-18 state school parents don’t pay for children to go here private school parents pay for children to go her

Schools here in Syria are state. حكومية

The British parliament is a proper noun. اسم علم

Rob:to rob sb or a place

He was robbed.

He is a robber.

He was murdered

He committed a murder.

He is a murderer and rapist.

Burglary:to break into a house /flat

This crime is called burglary.

Mugging:attacking sb in a public place and stealing their money.

He was mugged in the street.

He is a drug dealer.

He works in drugs dealing

I am gonna start selling drugs.

This crime is called is car theft

There was a burglary at the city center.

There are a lof of Muggings in the street

He murdered his wife.

The bank was robbed. My sister was robbed

Most people take drugs these days.

He is a hooligan.

He is a Vandal مخرب

The law /lɔː/

A student was arrested for shoplifting this morning. The police came to the school and spoke to his teacher. The student has to go to court next week. If he is guilty he will have to pay a fine. /ˈgɪlti/ If he is innocent he can go home. /ˈɪnəsənt/ I don’t think he will go to prison.

Other crime problems Some vandals broke the windows in the telephone box. [A vandal breaks and smashes things.] We have a lot of vandalism in my town. A lot of people take drugs nowadays. Is football hooliganism a problem in your country? /ˈhuːlɪgənɪzm/ [A football hooligan is a person who goes to a football match and makes troub

He is a Vandal. مخرب

Radio and TV programmesThe news is on TV at 6 o’clock every night. [important things that happen]Do you watch soaps / soap operas? Home and Away is my favourite. [Soaps are stories about people’slives. They are often on TV every day.]I like nature programmes best. [programmes about animals, birds, etc.]I watched a documentary last night about drugs and crime. [programme looking at a social problemor question]In talk shows, people talk about themselves or discuss topics with an interviewer.The children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings. (For example, Disney films with animals thattalk. See Unit 24: Cinema.)My brother likes watching reality TV [programmes that film real people living their lives, not actors].I always watch sports programmes.

Newspapers and magazines In most countries there are morning (news)papers and evening (news)papers. Every month, I buy a magazine. My mother buys women’s magazines. I like news magazines like Newsweek and Time. In most magazines and newspapers there are lots of adverts / advertisements [something that tries to persuade people to buy something]. Other types of magazines: sports magazines / computer magazines / teenage magazines

People and the media

There was an interview with the US President on TV last night.

The reporters are outside the film star’s house. [people who go out and get the news stories where they happen]

My sister is a journalist; she writes for The Oxford

Times newspaper. [person who writes articles]

D Expressions

You can read newspapers or watch TV online.

What’s your favourite TV programme?

What’s on TV tonight?

Is it OK if I change the channel?

Repair

Mend

Untidy/tidy

Cut fingers/plaster

Band-aid

A row

Colleague

Computer crashes

Out of order

Vivid

Wasn't working

Natural disasters

There was a hurricane / snowstorm / forest fire there last year. hurricane: a very strong wind

snowstorm: a lot of snow and wind at the same time

forest fire: when it is very dry and trees catch fire

San Francisco has had a lot of earthquakes [when the earth moves].

There were serious floods in the north yesterday. [too much water]

The river often floods after heavy rain. [water goes over the river banks]

My great grandfather has died yesterday.

The traffic jams are terrible during the rush hour.

The teacher's are on strike today.

Man-made problemsThere are too many people in some places. Cities are too crowded.Many people are:poor: they do not have enough moneyhungry: they do not have enough foodhomeless: they do not have a place to liveunemployed: they do not have a jobThere is a lot of pollution in many places. [when the air, water or earth is dirty and bad for people, plantsand animals]The river is polluted and a lot of fish have died.The air pollution is very bad today.The American War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783. [fighting between two or morecountries or nationalities] It lasted for eight years.The teachers are on strike today. [when people refuse to work because, for example, they wantmore money]He had a car crash on the way to work.The traffic jams in the city are terrible in the rush hour [times when everyone is going to work]

What can you have? You can ... have breakfast lunch dinner a meal have a party a meeting a game (of football, etc.) have a lesson an exam homework have a cup of tea / coffee a drink an ice cream some cheese have a shower /ˈʃaʊə/ a bath a swim

I am gonna have a swim/bath.

Expressions with have Is that your camera? Can I have a look [look at it]? Is that your bicycle? Can I have a go [ride it]? Goodbye! Have a good journey [somebody is going away]! Do you have a moment [have some time]? Can I have a word with you? [speak to you] We always have a good time in our English lessons. [fun; we enjoy them] I’m going to have my hair cut. See you later. Can you meet me at the hairdresser’s? I want to learn to ski but I don’t have the time

Have + got (speaking / informal) = have (writing / formal)I’ve got three sisters. Have you got any brothers and sisters?My house is big. It’s got five bedrooms and three bathrooms.We’ve got ten minutes before the train goes.Have you got a pen?(in a shop) A: Do you sell postcards? B: Yes, but we haven’t got any at the moment.I’ve got a problem. Can I have a word with you?I’ve got a cold / a headache. /ˈhedeɪk

Have got to (speaking / informal) = have to (writing / formal)We use have (got) to when the situation means you are obliged to do something.The museum’s not free. You have to / you’ve got to pay $10 to go in.All students have to do an exam.My sister needs the car, so I’ve got to walk to school every day this week.

This computer game is amazing. Can I have a go دورة/دور

Flour:a powder obtained by grinding grain, typically wheat, and used to make bread, cakes, and pastry

RAFAEL I write down new English words and phrases in my notebook, andnext to each one I write a Spanish translation. I usually write down ifa word is a noun, verb, adjective, and so on.

KAZUO I sometimes write a word in phonemics because English pronunciationis very difficult for me. But my notebook is a mess [nothing is in a goodorder; syn untidy]. I like to draw pictures.

EUN I sometimes make a note of new words in my notebook, but I oftenforget [don’t remember]. I usually write a translation, and sometimes Iwrite example sentences as well.

I’ve got a notebook. I don’t use it much but when I do, I try and list wordsby topic, so I put all the animals together, and all the clothes wordstogether, and so on. I find it’s easier to remember the words this way.

DONATA I note down new words and phrases. Sometimes I translate theminto Polish, and sometimes I write an explanation [a description of whatsomething means] in English if it is not difficult. For example:kitten – a very young cat

awful adj = terrible (syn dreadful)enjoy v = like something and get pleasure from it n = enjoyment adj = enjoyable• Example sentences help you with the grammar of a word, or with word partners (collocations).I enjoy living in a big city. (NOT I enjoy to live in a big city.) (See Units 87–8.)I spent two weeks in Rome. (NOT I passed two weeks in Rome. You spend time in a place.)

Shall we go to the swimming pool today?

Where does this road go?

He went into his room and shut the door.

He went out of his house quickly.

Jacop was tired. He went up the stairs slowly.

The phone was ringing. She went down the stairs slowly.

Do you like going sightseeing

Hans goes skiing every winter.

I will go fishing today.

A bilingual dictionary is easy to use.

Look up this word.

They give you fixed phrases to memorize جاهزة/ثابتة

The sentence is written in italics/bold

The word legal is related to law.

I am not at all happy with what happened.

When you check a word in a dictionary put a tick next to it إشارة صح

When you meet a new word in a phrase or in a text, try to guess the meaning first. See if your guess was correct.

What part of speech is extremely?

What kind of noun is advice? What preposition follows the verb rely?

Organize is the preferred spelling in the U.S. and Canada, and organise is more common outside North America

letters, parcels, etc that you send or receive

Has the post arrived/come yet?

the system for sending letters, parcels, etc

Your letter is in the post. I’m sending the documents by pos

a job I have A part-time post.

I will take A teaching post.منصب

a long, vertical piece of wood or metal fixed into the ground at one end.

I found the dog tied to a post.

Tie the flag to the post.

Do + activitydo the houseworkdo the gardeningdo the washingdo the washing-updo your homeworkdo some exercisesdo business withdo your bestA: Did you do the washing this morning?B: No, I’m going to do it later.Our company does a lot of business with the US.The homework is very difficult - just do your best.

Do your best to convince اعمل جهدك

I’ll make some tea / hot chocolate. /ˈtʃɒklət/ I make breakfast / lunch / dinner every day.

You use make NOT do in these expressions: I made a mistake in the exercise.

I want to make an appointment with the doctor. [fix a time to see him/her]

When I get up I make my bed.

The children are making a noise. Yes, and they are making a mess in the living room!

I love your new dress - you made a good choice.

We need to make our choice today.

And is a conjunction.

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Parts of speechI have a brown leather chair by the window, and I often sit therein the morning to listen to music.In the sentence above, I is a pronoun; chair, window, morningand music are all nouns; have, sit and listen are verbs; brownand leather are adjectives; often is an adverb; by and to areprepositions; the is a definite article; a is an indefinite article;and is a conjunction or link word

I understood it more clearly.

In the word uncomfortable, un- is a prefix, and -able is a suffix.

You should eat more food that contains a lot of fibre, e.g. fruit, vegetables, and bread.

The vertical mark ' shows where thestressed syllable begins. ((be'fore),) =stress is on the second syllable

Pay attention to the punctuation marks

When you are learning vocabulary, you need to know certain things about different words; for example, if nouns are countable, e.g. books, apples, chairs; or uncountable, e.g. information (NOT informations), advice (NOT advices). (See Unit 86.) With verbs, you need to know if they are regular, e.g. work, live, etc; or irregular, e.g. go/went, take/took.

.

Come out of/come into/come

Come back/come back from

That's much too late

Come home

Come along

Come and see me some time

What country do you come from???

Where do you come from?

I am spanish/I come from spanish

He is from Switzerland. He speaks Swiss.

He is Argentinian

*the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)I come from Argentina, so I’m Argentinian and my first language is Spanish. The capital isBuenos Aires, which has a population of more than 10 million people.

Parts of the worldThe continents in the world are Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America,Australia [Australia and New Zealand] and Antarctica.We also use these terms for different parts of the world:the Middle East (e.g. United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia), the Far East (e.g. Thailand, Japan), theCaribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Barbados), Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland).

Antarctica:the continent around the South Pole

He lives in the Antarctica القارة القطبية الجنوبيو

He loves in the Arctic القطب الشمالي

Scandinavian:is a subregion in Northern Europe,

The Israelis are reluctant to this.

Athens is the capital of Greece.

Take

Cover can mean that something is over something else, e.g. The surface was covered in water; The ground was covered with snow. Cover can also refer to the size of something, e.g. The Amazon rainforest covers 40% of South America, or the distance you travel, e.g. We covered ten miles in one day

It has many contrasts.

a large area of countryside, especially in relation to its appearance:

Look the wonderful landscapes. مناظر طبيعيو

The sun is shining

covered in ice:

It is an icy roads

I slipped on an icy pavement.

It's windy. The wind is blowing.

It is wet. It's raining

It was very cloudy this morning, but the sun came out after lunch. [appeared]

The accident happened in thick fog [bad fog].

We had some heavy rain at the weekend. [a lot of rain; opp light rain]

There was a strong wind when we were on the boat. [a lot of wind]

The wind has blown all the apples off the tree.

It rained in the morning, but the sky was clear by lunchtime. [no clouds]

It’s been extremely cold today. [very; also extremely hot/windy]

We had a mild winter

The temperature is 40 degrees Celsius/10 degrees below zero.

You hear the thunder and see the lightning they they followed by rain. عاصفة رعدية

It's pouring with rain

It's drizzling

We had a couple have showers this morning

For heavy rain we often use the verb pour, e.g. pour with rain. For short periods of light or heavy rain, we use the noun shower. A storm is heavy rain with strong winds. It poured with rain this afternoon. Look, it’s really pouring (with rain) now. We had a couple of heavy/light showers this morning. A period of hot weather sometimes ends with a thunderstorm. First it becomes very humid [the air feels very warm and wet], then you hear thunder and see lightning, and it’s followed by heavy rain.

Cool can either mean slightly cold in a negative way, e.g. We’ve had a cool summer; or slightly cold in a pleasant way, e.g. The water in the pool was lovely and cool.

Mild is often used in a positive way to describe weather that is not as cold as usual, e.g. It’s been a mild winter.

They are wild and farm animals.

We need to keep these and angered animals safe

whaledolphinsharkoctopus

Are you Frightened of any animals

Keep it in a cage

I hurt my bottom=butt

He scored a goal with his heel.

I hurt my hip/waist

People breathe through their nose or mouth. You breathe in and out about 12–15 times a minute. People smile when they’re happy, and sometimes smile at people to be polite. People laugh at things which are funny. People sometimes cry if they’re very unhappy, or receive bad news. People in some countries nod their head [move it up and down] to mean ‘yes’, and shake their head [move it from side to side] for ‘no’. People often yawn when they’re tired, and sometimes when they’re bored.

shake hands with someone

fold your arms

comb your hair

wave to somebody

blow your nose

She’s ill. She’s getting better. She’s better. / She’s well.

I went out of the house and it was dark. There was so sun. The sun has set.

It's still light we can go there and return

I will take this book and bring it back tomorrow.

I am getting tired. I wanna go to bed.

It's raining. I am getting wet. تبللت

Get with nounsIf you don’t have something you can get it. [get = buy or find]I want to send a postcard. I have to get a stamp.I’m going to the shop to get a newspaper.Do you want a drink? I can get some coffee.Where can I get a taxi?I’ve finished my studies. Now I want to get a job.My friend is ill! Please get a doctor

After you finish your studies, try to get a job.

He is getting married in April.

How can I get to the airport?

Take a taxi.

Tell me when you get there.

Maria and David are getting married in April.A: When you get to New York, call me. [arrive at, reach]B: OK, give me your number.A: How can I get to the airport?B: Take the airport bus at the bus station.I’ll see you when you get back from Hong Kong. [return, come home]

WOMEN can be attractive or good-looking [nice to look at], and we often use pretty [attractive] to describe a girl. We use beautiful or gorgeous for women who are very attractive.

MEN can be attractive and good-looking, but also handsome. If men are very attractive, we can say they are gorgeous or very good-looking, but not usually beautiful.

Liam has become quite handsome.

Bella looks gorgeous in that dress.

Olivia was very pretty when she was younger.

They’re a very good-looking couple.

How high are you?

How heavy are you

I am roughly/about/approximately one meter eighty tall,and I weigh under 80 kilograms.

He is a medium height person.

a person is very similar to most other people in height and weight, you can say they are average.

A: How tall is Hannah?

A: Is Marco quite big?

B: Medium height, I’d say.

B: No, about average.لا عادي

She has blond/fairاشقر/dark/brown/black hair.

She has , straight/wavy/curly hair.

Talking about someone’s appearance A: What does Sophia’s boyfriend look like? [Can you describe his appearance?] B: He’s blond, and quite good-looking. A: Is he tall? B: Er, tallish [quite tall], but he’s got broad shoulders [wide; opp narrow]. He looks very athletic [strong, healthy and often good at sports]. I think he does a lot of sport. A: Is he quite smart [clean, tidy and stylish]? B: Yeah, he dresses quite well [the clothes he wears are quite nice].

He is quite unreliable

He is a confident/shy person

He is a hard-working /lazy student.

He has a good sense of humorفكاهي

He is a serious person جدي

He is quite patient/impatient.

The first thing I would say about my best friend is that she’s very sensible1 . I’ve never known Emilia to do anything silly2 , and I know I can always trust 3 her. She’s also very creative 4 ; shemakesthings,andshe’savery talented5 artist. I wish6 I had her talent.

Tom is a very emotional person.تاخذو العاطفة

He doesn't wanna talk about his emotions/feelings

I’m very proud1 of my son’s success, but I’m a bit disappointed2 that the local paper hasn’t shown more interest in the story.

I am not hopeful that he will success

The politicians seem confused3 about what to do, so I’m not hopeful4 that things will improve

Jealous/Upset:unhappy 8unhappy and angry because someone you love seems too be interested in another person 9unhappy because something unpleasant has happened

think Harry ended the relationship because his girlfriend was getting jealous, but now he’s quite upset

I was upset when he left مستاء

Why do people say they feel more cheerful [happy] when the sun shines, and miserable [unhappy] when it’s raining? Why do some people suffer from SAD (seasonal affective disorder), which makes them feel depressed [unhappy, often for a long time, and without hope for the future] during long dark winters? Can the weather really affect our mood [the way we feel at a particular time], or is it just in our imaginations?

RED can make us feel energetic1 , but it can also indicate anger2 . PINK though, is softer and more about maternal love and caring for3 people. GREEN is associated with nature and is good for people suffering from stress4 . BLUE is relaxing and helps us to be creative5 , but too much dark blue can make us depressed.

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Phrasal verbs have two parts: a verb + a particle. get up / on / off up

I got up at 6.30 this morning. I’m tired now.

We should get on the bus. It’s leaving in five minutes! get

We got off the bus at the City Museum.

It’s a sunny day. Turn the light off. Turn the TV up. I can’t hear it. Turn the TV down. It’s too loud.

go on / off Don’t stop. Go on talking. It’s very interesting. [continue] Karen went off and forgot her handbag. [left] put something on It’s cold and windy outside. Put your coat on. / Put on your coat. come on Come on! We’re late.

He turned the offer down=refused

a man who is the husband or partner of one's mother after the divorce or separation of one's parents or the death of one's father.

My father died when I was nine, and so my mother wasa widow1 with four young children. She remarried fiveyears later, so now I have a stepfather.As he is not my realfather, I call him by his first name, which is Dieter

I’ve gotan elder brother called Thomas and two younger sisters,Anya and Claudia, who are twins. We’re a close family

My mother is an only child5, but I’ve got two uncles on myfather’s side. One is married with two children, and the other ismarried with three children, so altogether I have five cousins.

the husband of your sister or brother, or the brother of your husband or wife, or the man who is married to the sister or brother of your wife or husband

He is my brother in lawنسيب/عديل/ابن احمى

the wife of your brother or sister, or the sister of your husband or wife, or the wife of the brother or sister of your husband or wife

She is my sister in law

She is my step mother.

Recently my brother Thomas got married. His wife’s name is Sabine, so I now have a sister-in-law as well.زوجة اخ

the man who is married to your daughter or son

She is my daughter in law/son in lae

My best friend is Florian, an old school friend1 . We got to know each other2 when we were in the same class at school. We’ve been mates3 ever since 4 , and our friendship is very important to both of us. He spends a lot of time with my family, and his current5 girlfriend is actually one of Thomas’s ex-girlfriends. But we all get on really well.

We use the prefix ex- for a relationship we had in the past but do not have now, e.g. The children stay with my ex- husband at the weekend; I saw an ex- girlfriend of mine yesterday.

0 birth [the moment a baby is born]Up to 12 months a baby12 months – 3 years old a toddler3–12 years old a child: this period is your childhood13–18 approximately a teenager: during this period you are in your teens18+ an adult40+ approximately people are middle-aged [in the middle of their lives]60 or 65 retirement [when people stop work; they are retired]80+ old age (we usually describe people as elderly)

Approximate agesI’m in my early twenties [21–23].My parents are in their mid-fifties [54–56].My grandmother is in her late seventies [77–79].My grandfather is nearly/almost eighty [he’s probably 79].My English teacher’s approximately/roughly thirty.[about 30 / more or less 30]

He was allowed to stay out late. He was brought up in Cardiff.

I had my first date 1 when I was 16, and it was terrible. I took a girl to the cinema but she didn’t like the film and looked bored all evening; it was a bad start. Then, when I was 17, I went out with2 a girl for three months, but we broke up3 when she met a boy who was two years older than me, and had a car. My first serious relationship4 was when I went to university. I got to know5 Melanie because we were on the same course. At first we were just friends, then we started going out with each other, and after a few months we realised we were in love. We got engaged6 a couple of 7 years after we left university and then …

we got married1 the following year. We didn’t want a big ceremony so we had the wedding3 in the local church near Melanie’s home with just family and a few friends. afterwards we had the reception4 in a small hotel nearby, and then went on our honeymoon5 to Greece.

Children Just over three years later Melanie got pregnant, and our first child, Cal, was born just two days after our fourth wedding anniversary 1 . We had a big celebration2 . 1 a day that is exactly one or more years after an important event 2 a time when you do something you enjoy because it is a special day

Divorce* Things started to go wrong1 when I got a job as manager of a sportswear company. I was working six days a week and I had to do a lot of travelling. It was difficult for Melanie as well. She was working during the week, then at weekends she was often alone / on her own2 with two young children. I felt I couldn’t give up3 my job, and in the end Melanie decided to leave 4 me. The following year we got divorced5 .

We are gonna get a takeaway/takeout

During the week I usually wake up1 about 7.30 am. If I don’t, my mum wakes me up. I get up2 a few minutes later. In the evenings I go to bed about 10.30 pm, and usually go to sleep3 straight away4 . If I have a late night5 I try to have a sleep6 in the afternoon when I get home from college. 1 stop sleeping 2 get out of bed 3 start sleeping; syn fall asleep 4 immediately 5 go to bed very late; opp have an early night 6 a short period of sleeping, e.g. half an hour

Today I am gonna have a late night with my friends.

I had a sleep after I got home=short period of sleep.

I have coffee and cereal for breakfast, then have a light lunch1 , maybe a sandwich and an apple, and a snack2 in the afternoon. We have our main meal in the evening. If Mum’s late home from work, she doesn’t bother3 to cook; we just get a takeaway4 instead. One of us has to feed5 the cat as well. 1 have a small meal 2 a small amount of food you eat between meals but eat at home 3 doesn’t do something because there is no reason or because it is too much work 4 a meal you buy in a restaurant 5 give food

Bathroom routines I usually have a shower when I get home from college because my sister, Rosie, and my brother, Marcus, spend so much time in the bathroom in the morning. I only have time to have a wash and clean my teeth (syn brush my teeth), before Rosie comes in to put on a bit of make-up. In the winter I sometimes have a bath instead of 1 a shower. I like to lie in the bath and listen to music

Housework* Fortunately1 we’ve got a cleaner2 who does a lot of the housework, and that includes doing my washing3 . But I still have to make my bed and do some of my ironing, and I sometimes do the shopping with Mum. * the work of keeping a home clean and tidy 1 happening because of good luck; syn luckily 2 a person who cleans 3 washing my clothes

Spare time* On weekdays I usually stay in1 and watch TV in the evening. At the weekend I go out quite a lot with my friends, either to the cinema or just to a café, and I eat out2 once a week. Sometimes friends come round3 and we chat 4 about clothes, music and college. * time when you are not working 1 stay at home 2 eat in a restaurant; opp eat in 3 visit me in my home 4 have an informal conversation

A Location*We live on the outskirts of town1, and it’s a very nice location. We used to live in thecentre, but we moved2to our present flat when we had children because there’s more space3for them to play and it has nice views4

This is where we live. We rent1 aflat on the second floor. There’s afamily in the flat downstairs2, anda young French couple upstairs, onthe top floor. It’s a modern block offlats3, and it’s quite good, althoughthe lift4is small, and there’s no airconditioning5

My parents own1 a cottage 2 . It’s a charming3 house and has lots of character4 , but like many old buildings, it’s quite dark (opp light), quite difficult to heat 5 , and it doesn’t have central heating6 .

Sink/wash basin/basin

We usually talk about a sink in the kitchen, but a (wash)basin in the bathroom.

Some people like big soft sofas1 with lots of cushions2

Cushions/pillows

a bag made of cloth, plastic, or leather that is filled with soft material, often has an attractive cover, and is used especially on chairs for sitting or leaning on:

She sank back against/into the cushions.

Blinds/curtains

Notice the use of a in these expressions of frequency. once [one time] a week: I go swimming once a week, every Saturday. twice [two times] a day: I clean my teeth twice a day. three times a year: I see my uncle three times a year. four times a month: I play football four or five times a month.

Notes and coins In the UK the currency [type of money used] is sterling [pounds]; in America it is the dollar; in much of Europe it’s the euro. Notes e.g. ten pounds, twenty euros, a ten-pound note, a twenty-euro note Coins (in the UK) e.g. fifty pence (usually spoken as fifty p), a pound, a fifty-pence piece, but a one-pound coin

Managing your money I’ve had a bank account for a few years now, and I make sure my account is always in credit1 . I go to the cashpoint once a week, so I always have some cash2 with me, and I check3 my account online once a week to see how much money I’ve got.

When I went to university, I had to get a student loan1 to pay my fees2 . That meant I had to be careful and make sure I didn’t waste money 3 , but by the time I finished my degree I owed4 a lot. One good thing is that I don’t have to pay it back until I get a job and I’m earning5 a reasonable amount6 of money. At the moment I’m saving up7 for a new laptop; the one I have is very slow and keeps going wrong. I’d love to have a car as well, but I can’t afford 8

Accommodation* This year I’m renting a flat with three friends of mine. We had to pay one month’s rent as a deposit1 , but it’s a nice place, quite good value for money 2 , and the landlord isn’t charging3 us to use his garage. * places where you live or stay 1 money you pay for something you are going to use, which is then returned to you when you have finished using it 2 good for the amount of money you pay 3 asking someone to pay an amount of money

What’s the matter? What you should do A: I’ve got a sore throat 1 and a temperature. 2 B: That sounds like flu. You should see a doctor. A: I’ve cut my arm; it’s bleeding. 3 B: Put a bandage 4 round it. A: I’ve got a terrible cough. 5 B: Go to the chemist and get some cough medicine [something you take to treat an illness]. A: I’ve got a headache. B: Take some tablets 6 for the pain. (also pills) A: I feel sick. 7 B: Go to the bathroom quickly!

Describing pain We can use different words to describe pain. An ache describes pain that is not always strong, but often continues. It is used with certain parts of the body. I’ve got a headache. Aria’s got stomach ache. My dad suffers from [often has the pain of] backache. For other parts of the body we often use pain. I’ve got a pain in my shoulder/foot. Ache can also be a verb to describe pain that continues for some time. By the end of the day my feet were aching. For stronger or more sudden pain, we usually use the verb hurt. My throat hurts when I speak. I hit my leg on the table and it really hurts / it’s very painful.

Serious illnesses For serious [bad] illnesses, you will probably go into hospital. A person who stays in hospital is called a patient. Many patients need an operation [when special doctors, called surgeons, cut into the body for medical reasons; also called surgery]. Lung cancer can be caused by smoking. Heart attacks can happen very suddenly. Hepatitis is a disease affecting the liver.

Disease is used to talk about more serious medical problems, often affecting certain parts of the body, e.g. heart disease. Illness is used to talk about serious and minor medical problems and those affecting the mind, e.g. mental illness. Disease is not used about a period of illness, e.g. He died after a long illness. (NOT He died after a long disease.)

By the time I finished my degree, I owed شات دين

We use rent when we pay to use something for a long period of time, e.g. rent a flat. The noun rent is the amount you pay, e.g. The rent is £400 per month. We use hire when we pay to use something for a short period of time, e.g. I hired a bike for the day. Both verbs are used with cars, e.g. We rented/hired a car when we were on holiday.

Smart, stylish and casual I think the woman looks stylish [wearing nice clothes and looking attractive; also well- dressed]. The man is smartly dressed [clean and tidy and suitable for formal situations]. The boy’s clothes are more casual [comfortable and suitable for informal situations].

As soon as I get up, I have ashower and get dressed [puton my clothes]. I don’t eatbreakfast.

I prefer jackets with a zip; it’seasier to undo a zip [open a zip,buttons, etc.] and it’s also muchquicker to do it up.

I prefer a jacket with a zip. It's much easier to to undo a zip.

And it's also easier to do it up.

I think I look good in blackbecause dark colours suit me.[I look good in dark colours; oppbright colours]

I usually shop1 with a friend. I always try on clothes2 before I buy them. I sometimes buy clothes that don’t suit me3 , just because they’re fashionable4 . If I buy trousers or a skirt, I buy a shirt or top to go with5 it at the same time. My wardrobe6 is full of clothes that I buy and hardly ever wear. I like to buy designer labels7 , even though they’re more expensive. I like wearing fashionable clothes, but the price has to be reasonable8 . I never buy clothes just because they’re in fashion9 . I like to dress in10 clothes that are casual but still look quite fashionable. I’m always happy with what I’ve got on11

Shop assisstant Can I help you? Customer 1 No, I’m being served, thanks. [another shop assistant is already helping me] Shop assisstant Do you need any help? Customer 2 Yes, I’ve just tried on this jacket in a size 12, and it didn’t really fit me; it’s a bit tight [too small around the body; opp loose/big]. Have you got it in a bigger size? Shop assisstant We have got a size 14, but not in pink, I’m afraid. Customer 2 Oh, that’s a shame [that is disappointing; syn that’s a pity]. OK. I’ll leave it, thanks. [I have decided not to buy it; opp I’ll take it/them] Shop assisstant OK. I’m sorry about that. … Can I help you? Customer 3 Yes, I’m looking for a skirt and this looks nice. [I want to find a skirt] Can I try it on? Shop assisstant Yes, of course. The changing rooms are down there. [the place where you can try on clothes]

Special offer

There is a special offer on these products. Buy buy two and get one free.

A wide range:

There is a wide range of vegetables here.

Coconut:a large fruit like a nut with a thick, hard, brown shell covered in fibre (= a mass of thread-like parts) and containing hard, white flesh that can be eaten and a clear liquid:

I love coconut

a seed, or the pod containing seeds, of various climbing plants, eaten as a vegetable:

green beans

kidney beans

baked beans

Coffee beans are the bean-like seeds of the coffee tree.

Peas:a round, green seed, several of which grow in a pod, eaten as a vegetable:

frozen/dried peas

pea soup.

We need some carrot./cabbage/spinach /pepper.

This red pepper is pungent.لاذع

Meat, fish and seafood Animal: cow calf [young cow] lamb [young sheep] pig chicken/hen Meat: beef veal lamb pork chicken

Calf=veal

Lamb=lamb

Pig:pork

Cow:beef.

the flesh of a calf, used as food."veal and ham pie"

the flesh of a cow, bull, or ox, used as food.

"there was the smell of roast beef"

Crab:a sea creature with five pairs of legs and a round, flat body covered by a shell, or its flesh eaten as food:We walked along the beach collecting small crabs.

Ways of cooking food You boil potatoes or rice in a saucepan. You can fry sausages in a frying pan. You grill toast or meat under a grill. You roast meat [using oil] in the oven. You also bake cakes [without oil] in the oven. You barbecue meat and fish on a barbecue. Food which is not cooked is raw.

Preparing and cooking food Peel the potatoes [remove the skin] and boil them. While they’re boiling, chop an onion. [cut it into small pieces] Fry the onion before adding some chopped tomatoes. [putting them together with the onions] Then stir it all for a few minutes. [move it around in a saucepan using a spoon]

What does it taste like? Chefs [people who cook food in a restaurant as a job] always taste the food [put a small amount in their mouth to see what it is like] while they are cooking. I don’t like the taste of too much garlic. I tried the soup and it tasted a bit strange. Michel’s food is very tasty [has a good taste]. Indian food is a bit too spicy for me [with a strong hot flavour]. You get ice cream in different flavours [the type of taste that food or drink has, e.g. vanilla, coffee, strawberry, etc.]. Lena said her pasta was horrible [terrible, unpleasant], but I thought it was delicious [fantastic, with a wonderful taste]

The rush hour* For me, the rush hour is the worst time of day. Everywhere is busy, and everyone seems to be in a hurry 1 . I usually drive to work, but sometimes I get stuck2 in traffic jams3 , and when I get to work I find there’s nowhere to park4 because the car park5 is already full. But if I get the bus, it takes me longer, and that makes the journey very stressful6 . When I get home in the evenings I often feel exhausted7 – more from the travelling than from my work.

is the nightlife. The town centre is always lively2 in the evening, and there is a wide variety of 3 bars, clubs and restaurants to go to. If you are more interested in culture and cultural activities, you can go to the cinema, the theatre, concerts, art galleries, etc

Cities always seem crowded1 , and they can be dirty (opp clean) and dangerous (opp safe) places to live. Pollution2 is worse in big cities, and so is the crime rate 3 . I only walk home at night4 if I’m with a friend. When I’m on my own, I get a taxi. Life in cities is also more expensive. Flats cost a lot, and I think you get better value for money 5 in a smaller town or village.

On the positive side, you get 6 a real mix7 of people and nationalities in a big city; that makes life more interesting. I also enjoy the fact that there’s always something going on8 in a big city, so life is never dull.

a small dark purple fruit that grows wild in Europe and is usually cooked before being eaten:

blackberry and apple pie

Surrounded by nature I grew up in the countryside where I was surrounded by 1 nature. As children, we used to play on the banks2 of the river and in the woods3 . In the summer we picked4 apples and blackberries; in the autumn we often picked mushrooms. The seasons5 were all different, and I loved the scenery 6 , the open spaces7 , and the fresh air8 . I still do.

Working in the country My uncle owns1 a farm. He keeps 2 a few animals, but mostly he grows crops like barley, wheat and potatoes. Farming is a hard life: my uncle is usually up3 at five in the morning, and sometimes his work isn’t finished until sunset 4

The disadvantages of country life The worst thing about living in a village 1 is that there isn’t much to do in the evening, apart from going to the village pub. The nearest town is eight miles away2 , and publi

Convenient:

Where I live buses are not very convenient1 ; the nearest bus stop is half a mile away2 . And when I do get the bus, I often have to wait in a queue3 for about twenty minutes, and then three come along at the same time!

Reliable:People are always complaining about4 the bus service, but where I live it’s good. I’ve got a bus stop round the corner5 and buses run every ten minutes for most of the day, and they’re usually reliable6

I get the train to work. Trains are expensive – a return7 to London is forty pounds – but I’ve got a season ticket 8 , and that makes it cheaper. My only real complaint is that if I miss9 my train, I have to wait half an hour for the next one.

a place where things, especially roads or railways, come together:

You should slow down as you approach the junction.

He is standing at the junction/intersection

a curve, especially a sharp one, in a road, river, racecourse, or path.

"the van screeched around a bend"

Yesterday, I got lost 1 on my way to 2 the airport. I decided to use side roads and go via3 the village of Pensford, but I took the wrong turning4 just before I got there, and I ended up5 in a supermarket car park. Fortunately I was able to ask someone the way6 , and a very kind woman directed7 me to the A38, where I could then follow signs for the airport

I saw an accident this morning on the main road1into town. A pedestrian2 – a young boy – stepped offthe pavement3 and into the road just as a car wasapproaching4. The driver braked5, but the car swerved6and crashed into a parked car7 on the opposite side ofthe road. Fortunately the driver wasn’t injured but bothcars were quite badly damaged