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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The US has always had a large _____ industry, and is a ___
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a net exporter of agricultural products
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government involvement took place in the late ___
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1800's
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A tremendous system of government bureaucracy was built to improve and promote agriculture
the _____ of 1862 created land grant colleges with a mission to support agriculture that same year the ____ was created the ____ of 1887 established (through land grant colleges) agriculture experiment stations the _____ of 1914 funded cooperative extension services |
Morrill act
USDA Hatch Act Smith lever act |
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"land grant" because the original financial support for establishing the university was ________.
every us state has at least one such ___ |
a gift of federal land
Ag school |
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these school were organized around academic departments that usually included one called
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entomology
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although natural history museums have taxonomically defined administrative units, eg entomology, what firmly establish entomology as a distinct profession in this country?
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university academic departments
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for decade a _____ political system kept this going strong
what where its three components |
mutualistic
ag scientists commercial companies (pesticide) crop of commodity association |
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for how long has the old agricultural university model has been breaking up?
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about a generation
in a way this has been a _____ by university ag scientists, more _____means less farmers and therefore less ____ and _____ |
self destruction
efficient agriculture less political support and fewer college majors pest control has shift away from heavy use of chemicals, so chemical companies and less enthusiastic |
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typically changes include merging and dropping of old departments
BUT there is also more focus on ...(2 ans) |
food processing and new consumer desires such as organic produce
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agricultural entomology is essentially ____ &____
economic loss results from what three things |
crop and pest control
direct feeding transmission of plant disease fouling of the product *although we focus on agricultural crops, the situation is similar for ornamental plants, forests, stored food |
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a distinction of ofter made between crop ___ &____.
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injury and damage
the former is the physical or physiological effect on the plant. the latter is the |
the reduction of plant usefulness
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example of contrast between plant injury an damage
the typical amount of feeding by a _________might have little or great concern to the farmer depending on the ___ &___ |
lepidoptera larva
organ and crop up to 10% defoliation does not reduce ___ |
potato crop
one worm ruins an apple |
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During of the golder years of _____, pretty much from WWII to the 1960's a standard practice was to simply spray on a regular schedule
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synthetic pesticide
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the result of synthetic pesticide (during WWII though 1960's) was high yields at first, followed by big problems including
name three |
pests developing insecticide resistance
harm to non target species emergence of new pest because their predators have been wiped out |
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as a side note, probably most of the chemicals applied to crops have been some kind of ____ rather than an ____
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herbicide
insecticide |
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a big shirt in public perception followed the publication of ____
at the time most people were familiar with the fact some pesticides such as ___produced virtually no mammalian toxicity |
silent spring by rachael carson in 1962
DDT |
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DDT produces to mammalian toxicity,
this in contrast to many other common classes on insecticide. many of these are general ___ eg____. the "selective" killing of insects and not humans is a result of our |
neurotoxins (eg. acetylcholinesterage inhibitor)
our larger size |
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DDT, which interferes with ____ in invertebrates is a _____
such compounds are very slow to degrade in the environment |
neuron sodium channel function
chlorinated hydrocarbon |
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DDT is a fantastic tool that did a lot of good, looking back though it was far overused. an unanticipated side effect was _______ & _______
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bioconcentration and interference with bird egg shell production
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DDT is a fantastic tool that did a lot of good, looking back though it was far overused. an unanticipated side effect was _______ & _______
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bioconcentration and interference with bird egg shell production
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other unexpected problems with pesticides
include name 2 |
evolution of insecticide resistance often lead to resurgence of the original pest.
destruction of non target organisms, including beneficial insects, plus the elimination of the original pest as a competitor, would release an insect not before considered to be pest |
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the ____ is resistant to all major classes of insecticides, and this has been observed around the world
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colorado potato beetle
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as it has become increasingly difficult to control CPB, the effort has turned to developing ____
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resistant plant strains
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the _______ on citrus, an early biocontrol success, came back after DDT killed its natural enemies
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cottony cushion scale
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____ are not going away but legal regulations have become much more strict, and there is a general trend to use less and to be more intelligent about when to apply.
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pesticides
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farmers became less inclined to spray on a preset schedule or when any infestation of any level was detected
instead the effort has been to define an _____ |
economic injury level
the is a pest density at which money lost due to the pest equals the cost of available control measures. the result might be a simple formula EIL=C/VDK define the variables |
EIL is the pest number per production unit (insect ha minus 1)
C is the cost of control measures per production unit ($ ha) V is the market value per unit of product ($ per kg ) D is the yield loss per unit number of insects ( kg reduction of crop per n insects) |
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farmers became less inclined to spray on a preset schedule or when any infestation of any level was detected
instead the effort has been to define an _____ |
economic injury level
the is a pest density at which money lost due to the pest equals the cost of available control measures. the result might be a simple formula EIL=C/VDK define the variables |
EIL is the pest number per production unit (insect ha minus 1)
C is the cost of control measures per production unit ($ ha) V is the market value per unit of product ($ per kg ) D is the yield loss per unit number of insects ( kg reduction of crop per n insects) |
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The EIL is a function of the ___ & ___.
because there is time lag between applying a control measure and bringing down pest levels, a farmer usually prefers to act before _____. that lower pest density is called ______ or _____ |
pest and crop species
pest actually reaches EIL economic threshold ET or the action threshold what does GEP represent |
Equilibrium population density
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considerable effort has gone to finding toxins that dont poison every kind of animal. it was not too hard to identify a compound that damages an arthopod but not a mammal or bird
what are examples 2 |
chitin synthesis inhibitors
juvenile harmone mimics because the insect cannot complete normal development these are called ____ |
insect growth regulators (IGR)
of course these can still kill non target arthropods, and lead to the evolution of resistance |
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a very handy class of insecticides are protein produced by the ___________
when do they kill |
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis BT
only if ingested, and the taxon killed is a function of the BT strain also a protein breaks down in the environment FASTER than insecticides |
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Bt strains are available for _____
and for _____ example |
lepidoptera larva
aquatic diaptera larva mosquitoes |
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genetic engineering made plants that produce their own
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Bt toxin
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this is a high tech version of a tradition of breeding crop plants that are ____-
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themselves more resistant to the pest
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a potential alternative to pesticide s is _____
what does this manipulate? |
biocontrol
this is a manipulation of the pests natural enemies to inc mortality a wide variety of ___ and ___ have been used other methods include inc the biocontrol agent example: |
predators and pathogens
by providing an alternative (nonpest) food source |
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this highlights one reason modern agriculture is susceptible to pest outbreaks _____
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monoculture
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a tiny wasp, an egg parasite, cannot survive the entire year on GLH why
other plants wild blackberry and rose, have _____ during the winter, this was found to be a natural source of control a domestic plant _____ also allows the wasp the overwinter |
because GLH overwinters as an adult
leaf hopper eggs during the winter french prune **planting prunes next to the vineyards reduces use of pesticides for GLH |
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there is a wide variety of non pesticide methods for reducing a pest pop including ..
name 3 |
1 breeding a more resistant plant
2cultural control eg crop rotation 3pheromone base disruption of pest mating of trapping |
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the careful use of all available methods, with the goal of reducing pesticide use (and cost) is called
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integrated pest management IPM
what is an example |
apple orchards
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formerly a wide variety of pests made alternatives to pesticides difficult to develope
name 2 |
spider mite and predator mite
coddling moth |
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low tolerance to coddling moth led to regular pesticide applications. this killed to predatory mites controlling spider mites leading to what
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SM outbreaks and more pesticide use
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